Charales are the closest relatives to the land

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Charales are the closest relatives to the land plants

Charales are the closest relatives to the land plants

Typical liverwort growth pattern-- note the dichotomous branching pattern.

Typical liverwort growth pattern-- note the dichotomous branching pattern.

CSUBIOWEB - IMAGES BY STEVEN J. WOLF Marchantia - Archegoniophores- these umbrellashaped structures have

CSUBIOWEB - IMAGES BY STEVEN J. WOLF Marchantia - Archegoniophores- these umbrellashaped structures have archegonia (vessels) containing eggs on the underside of the “cap”.

CSUBIOWEB - IMAGES BY STEVEN J. WOLF Marchantia antheridiophores - these mushroom shaped structures

CSUBIOWEB - IMAGES BY STEVEN J. WOLF Marchantia antheridiophores - these mushroom shaped structures have antheridia (sperm producing vessels) on their upper surface.

Hymenophyton flabellatum Liverworts are non-vascular plants Bazzania adnexa Symphyogyna hymenophyllum

Hymenophyton flabellatum Liverworts are non-vascular plants Bazzania adnexa Symphyogyna hymenophyllum

Marchantia foliacea Marchantia berteroana

Marchantia foliacea Marchantia berteroana

Marchantia sp. Gemmae Cups www 2. una. edu/pdavis/bryophytes. htm

Marchantia sp. Gemmae Cups www 2. una. edu/pdavis/bryophytes. htm

Pores on the upper surface allow for gas exchange. www. botany. hawaii. edu/faculty/webb/Bot 2

Pores on the upper surface allow for gas exchange. www. botany. hawaii. edu/faculty/webb/Bot 2 01/Marchantia www. ksu. edu/organismic/bryophytes. htm acstaff. bloomu. edu/chamuris/222/images. html

Qiu, Y, Y. Cho, J. C. Cox and J. D. Palmer. 1998. The gain

Qiu, Y, Y. Cho, J. C. Cox and J. D. Palmer. 1998. The gain of three mitochondrial introns identifies liverworts as the earliest land plants. Nature 394: 671 -674. 3 introns + for mosses, hornworts, ferns & seed plants 3 introns - in liverworts and green algae

B A Two Hypotheses: Some evidence (e. g. Qiu et al. 1998 and no

B A Two Hypotheses: Some evidence (e. g. Qiu et al. 1998 and no stomates) points to the liverworts as the earliest land plants (A); other evidence (e. g. , sperm structure) points to the hornworts as the earliest land plants (B).

4. Liverworts are the first land plants. 3. Land plants came from freshwater algae.

4. Liverworts are the first land plants. 3. Land plants came from freshwater algae. 5. Tracheophytes shared ancestors with a number of other nonvascular plant groups. 2. Land plants are monophyletic. 1. Green plants are monophyletic. From Kendrick & Crane 1997, Nature

All Green Plants

All Green Plants

All Land Plants

All Land Plants

All Vascular Plants

All Vascular Plants

Gametophyte (1 n) 2 types of gametes Sperm Egg Spore inside oogonium germinates to

Gametophyte (1 n) 2 types of gametes Sperm Egg Spore inside oogonium germinates to form new gametophyte Fertiliztion, Zygote (2 n) formation, and meiosis makes 4 spores (1 n)

Fern Life Cycle Sporophyte Mature Gametophyte

Fern Life Cycle Sporophyte Mature Gametophyte

Fern Life Cycle Sporophyte Spores Gametophyte Gametes

Fern Life Cycle Sporophyte Spores Gametophyte Gametes

There is a clear trend from a dominant gametophyte to a dominant sporophyte. Why?

There is a clear trend from a dominant gametophyte to a dominant sporophyte. Why?

Coleochaete Lycopod Chara Liverwort Fern Psilotum Hornwort Horsetail Moss Cycad From Kendrick & Crane

Coleochaete Lycopod Chara Liverwort Fern Psilotum Hornwort Horsetail Moss Cycad From Kendrick & Crane 1997, Nature

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