Characteristics of Atoms Atoms are composed of protons

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Characteristics of Atoms • Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. • Protons

Characteristics of Atoms • Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. • Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus (center of the atom). • Electrons are located outside of the nucleus. Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000

Quantum Model • We learned about: – Dalton’s atomic theory – J. J. Thompson’s

Quantum Model • We learned about: – Dalton’s atomic theory – J. J. Thompson’s plum pudding model of the atom – Rutherford’s model of the atom – Bohr model of the atom • The model used today is called the quantum model

Orbitals are represented by a letter (s, p, d, f, …)

Orbitals are represented by a letter (s, p, d, f, …)

Describing Electrons • There are two ways to express the number and location of

Describing Electrons • There are two ways to express the number and location of electrons in an atom: – Orbital Diagrams – Electron Configurations Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000

Orbital Diagrams • Visual representation of how electrons are placed in orbitals. • Electrons

Orbital Diagrams • Visual representation of how electrons are placed in orbitals. • Electrons are represented by arrows. • In an orbital diagram, electrons have opposite spins (designated by opposite arrow directions). Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000

Increasing energy Blank Orbital Diagram 7 s 6 s 5 s 4 s 3

Increasing energy Blank Orbital Diagram 7 s 6 s 5 s 4 s 3 s 2 s 7 p 6 p 5 p 4 p 6 d 5 d 4 d 3 d 3 p 2 p 1 s Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000 • Fill in the lowest energy orbitals first! 5 f 4 f

Electron Configuration • Tells us the most likely position of where electrons can be

Electron Configuration • Tells us the most likely position of where electrons can be found. • It is like the address of an electron. • Electron configurations are used instead of orbital diagrams because they are less cumbersome. Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000

Steps for filling in an Orbital Diagram 1. Identify the number of electrons. 2.

Steps for filling in an Orbital Diagram 1. Identify the number of electrons. 2. Fill in the orbital diagram using the following rules: A. Aufbau Principle-Fill in the lowest energy orbitals first. B. Pauli Exclusion Principle-Each orbital (block) can contain 2 arrows. The arrows must be pointed in opposite directions. C. Hund’s Rule Every orbital in a subshell must have one electron in it before any one orbital can be filled with a second electron. Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000

Orbital Diagrams: Example #1 • Draw an orbital diagram for H. • Hydrogen has

Orbital Diagrams: Example #1 • Draw an orbital diagram for H. • Hydrogen has 1 electron. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron configuration is then: 1 s 1 Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000 3 s

Orbital Diagrams: Example #2 • Draw an orbital diagram for B. • Boron has

Orbital Diagrams: Example #2 • Draw an orbital diagram for B. • Boron has 5 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron configuration is then: 1 s 22 p 1 Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000 3 s

Orbital Diagrams: Example #3 • Draw an orbital diagram for C. • Carbon has

Orbital Diagrams: Example #3 • Draw an orbital diagram for C. • Carbon has 6 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron configuration is then: 1 s 22 p 2 Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000 3 s

Orbital Diagrams: Example #4 • Draw an orbital diagram for O. • Oxygen has

Orbital Diagrams: Example #4 • Draw an orbital diagram for O. • Oxygen has 8 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron configuration is then: 1 s 22 p 4 Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000 3 s

Practice Draw an orbital diagram and write the electron configuration for the following elements:

Practice Draw an orbital diagram and write the electron configuration for the following elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. He Li N F S Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000

He • Helium has 2 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron

He • Helium has 2 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron configuration is then: 1 s 2 Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000 3 s

Li • Lithium has 3 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron

Li • Lithium has 3 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron configuration is then: 1 s 22 s 1 Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000 3 s

N • Nitrogen has 7 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron

N • Nitrogen has 7 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron configuration is then: 1 s 22 p 3 Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000 3 s

F • Fluorine has 9 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron

F • Fluorine has 9 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p The electron configuration is then: 1 s 22 p 5 Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000 3 s

S Sulfur has 16 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p 3 s The

S Sulfur has 16 electrons. 1 s 2 s 2 p 3 s The electron configuration is then: 1 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 4 Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000 3 p

More Practice Write the electron configuration for each: A. Cl B. Sr C. I

More Practice Write the electron configuration for each: A. Cl B. Sr C. I Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000

Solution Write the electron configuration for each: A. Cl (17 electrons) 1 s 2

Solution Write the electron configuration for each: A. Cl (17 electrons) 1 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 5 B. Sr (38 electrons) 1 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 2 3 d 10 4 p 6 5 s 2 C. I (53 electrons) 1 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 2 3 d 10 4 p 6 5 s 2 4 d 10 5 p 5 Timberlake Lecture. PLUS 2000

Noble Gas Abbreviated Notation He Ne Ar Kr Xe

Noble Gas Abbreviated Notation He Ne Ar Kr Xe

Example • Write the noble gas abbreviated electron configuration for oxygen (O). 1. )

Example • Write the noble gas abbreviated electron configuration for oxygen (O). 1. ) The noble gas that occurs before O is He. 2. ) Start with [He]. 3. ) Finish writing the electron configuration from helium: [He]2 s 22 p 4

Example • Write the noble gas abbreviated electron configuration for Silicon (Si). • The

Example • Write the noble gas abbreviated electron configuration for Silicon (Si). • The noble gas that occurs before Si is Ne. • Start with [Ne]. • Finish writing electron configuration from Ne: [Ne]3 s 23 p 2

Example • Write the noble gas abbreviated electron configuration for Gallium (Ga). • The

Example • Write the noble gas abbreviated electron configuration for Gallium (Ga). • The noble gas that occurs before Ga is Ar. • Start with [Ar]. • Finish writing electron configuration from Ar: [Ar]4 s 23 d 104 p 1

Write the Noble-Gas abbreviated electron configuration for the following: a. ) S: b. )

Write the Noble-Gas abbreviated electron configuration for the following: a. ) S: b. ) Cd: c. ) Fe: d. ) Br:

Write the Noble-Gas abbreviated electron configuration for the following: a. ) S: [Ne]3 s

Write the Noble-Gas abbreviated electron configuration for the following: a. ) S: [Ne]3 s 23 p 4 b. ) Cd: [Kr]5 s 24 d 10 c. ) Fe: [Ar]4 s 23 d 6 d. ) Br: [Ar]4 s 23 d 104 p 5

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Protons and neutrons Protons are positively charged NeutronsProtons and neutrons Protons are positively charged Neutrons
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