Characteristic Features Multicellular eukaryotic Heterotrophic Demonstrate a wide

Characteristic Features Multicellular, eukaryotic Heterotrophic Demonstrate a wide variation in body plans Consist of about 30 phyla, 9 of which are considered major

The Animal Kingdom GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Most complex of all kingdoms Multicellular (made of many cells) They obtain food from OUTSIDE SOURCES They move from place to get food They swallow their food and they digest food inside the body.

Bases of Metazoan Classification 1. SYMMETRY- overall plan of organization a. ASYMMETRYno plan is apparent

Bases of Metazoan Classification b. BILATERAL SYMMETRY - divides the animal into mirror images: left and right

Bases of Metazoan Classification c. RADIAL SYMMETRYin which parts are arranged about a central axis

Bases of Metazoan Classification 2. SEGMENTATION/ METAMERISM- serial, linear, repetition of homologous parts

Bases of Metazoan Classification 3. CEPHALIZATION- the presence of an obvious head w/ its important structures

Bases of Metazoan Classification 4. GERM LAYERS- layers of cells from which all the tissues and organs of the adult develop

Bases of Metazoan Classification 5. BODY CAVITIES- in which the digestive tract and other vital organs lie

The Animal Kingdom. REVIEW • INVERTEBRATE- An animal that does not have a backbone 2) VERTEBRATE- An animal that has a backbone

PORIFERA pore- bearing animals

sponges

COELENTERATA hollow-bodied animals w/ stinging cells (CNIDOCYTES/ NEMATOCYSTS) exhibits 2 life forms: polyp & medusa

Hydra sp. - exhibits somersaulting

Atoll

Fringing reef

PLATYHELMINTHES flatworms free-living or parasitic some have serious negative impacts on human health and ecosystem may have suckers to attach to host planaria

Parasitic flatworms fluke tapeworm

ASCHELMINTHES nonsegmented roundworms may be the most successful of all worms in its adaptive abilities represent 90% of all life on the seafloor some can undergo CRYPTOBIOSIS (a state of suspension of all metabolic activities) parasitic, free-living, or predatory

ASCHELMINTHES nonsegmented roundworms heartworm ascaris whipworm

parasitic roundworms

vinegar eel

Filarial worm and elephantiasis

Elephantiasis It is caused by a nematode Wuchereria bancrofti It causes swollen limbs and genitals (Filariasis) and affects over 120 million people in the world Previous anti-nematode treatments have been limited by poor levels of effectiveness, drug side effects and high costs.

Elephantiasis Doxycycline was shown in 2003 to kill the symbiotic Wolbachia bacteria upon which the nematodes are dependent. Field trials in 2005 showed that Doxycycline almost completely eliminates blood-borne filaria when given for an 8 week course.

ANNELIDA “little ring” segmented round worms found in most wet environments free-living; some parasitic; some mutualistic

ANNELIDA “little ring”

MOLLUSCA soft-bodied animals some may have a protective outer shell

MOLLUSCS Important food source for humans Some may accumulate toxins Source of important luxury goods, notably pearls, mother of pearl, Tyrian purple dye, and sea silk. Their shells have also been used as a money in some pre-industrial societies

MOLLUSCS Can also represent hazards or pests for human activities 1. The bite of the blue-ringed octopus is often fatal 2. That of Octopus apollyon causes inflammation that can last for over a month 3. Stings from a few species of large tropical cone shells can also kill, but their sophisticated though easily-produced venoms have become important tools in neurological research

MOLLUSCS Can transmit a parasite such as a worm Snails and slugs can also be serious agricultural pests, and accidental or deliberate introduction of some snail species into new environments has seriously damaged some ecosystems.

MOLLUSCA

ECHINODERMATA spiny-skinned adults have radial symmetry; larval stage have bilateral symmetry possess a unique water vascular system, a network of fluid-filled canals that function in gas exchange, feeding, and secondarily in locomotion

ECHINODERMATA

ARTHROPODA with jointed appendages the most successful and most abundant group of animals

CHORDATA includes the vertebrates and closely related invertebrates united by having, at some time in their life cycle, a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail

CHORDATA With 3 subphyla: Invertebrate chordates: 1. Urochordata (ex, tunicates) 2. Cephalochordata (ex, lancelets) Vertebrate chordates 3. Vertebrata

REFERENCES http: //www. geol. umd. edu/~tholtz/G 331/lectures/331 coral. ht ml http: //www. northern. edu/natsource/INVERT 1/Hydra 1. htm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Flatworm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nematode http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cryptobiosis http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Doxycycline http: //www. earthlife. net/inverts/annelida. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mollusca http: //www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/arthropoda. html http: //www. nationalgeographic. com/features/00/earthpulse/ reef/reef 1_flash. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Echinoderm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chordate