Chapters 12 and 13 Crittenden Compromise John Crittendens

Chapters 12 and 13 Crittenden Compromise – John Crittenden’s plan to resolve conflict between North and South by extending the Missouri Compromise line westward through the remaining territories; rejected by President Lincoln. Robert E. Lee – Accepted the command of the Confederate forces after rejecting Lincoln’s request to command the Union forces, citing his loyalty to the South and Virginia. Richmond – The capital of the Confederacy.

Maryland – If this state had seceded with the other Confederate states, the Union capital of Washington, D. C. would have been lost. West Virginia – Ironically when West Virginia broke away from Virginia, it was admitted in 1863 into the Union as a slave state. Joseph E. Johnson – Confederate leader of 35, 000 troops in the 1 st Battle of Manassas.

First Battle of Bull Run - Battle of Manassas; first major battle of the Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory; making many now realize that the war was going to last longer than a few months. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson – Confederate general who was known for his being in the front lines, like a “stonewall”.

Fort Sumter – The Confederate attack on this Union fort marked the beginning of the Civil War; the North did not want to lose Fort Sumter as it might be seen as a sign Lincoln would not protect federal property in the seceded states. The expected entry of France and Britain on the side of the Confederacy – The South expected these nations to come to their aid because both nations depended heavily on cotton from the South.

Conscription – Compulsory draft into the military service; but in the South, so many exemptions put a heavy burden on poor farmers and working people. Habeas Corpus – Protection against unlawful imprisonment. Anaconda Plan - Union plan during the Civil War for a naval blockade; compared to an Anaconda snake.

Elizabeth Blackwell – The 1 st professionally licensed doctor in the United States; helped run the U. S. Sanitary Commission – Agency headed in part by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell; battled disease and infection among Union soldiers during the Civil War. Clara Barton – A Union nurse who founded the American Red Cross. Copperheads - Northern Democrats who sympathized with the South in the Civil War.

Matthew Brady – “Renowned photographer of the Civil War”; his photographs shocked civilians by showing the horrors of war. Ulysses S. Grant – Led the Union to victory at the Battle of Shiloh and the Siege of Vicksburg; became the Union commander in 1864; ran for and was victorious in the 1868 Presidential race. Battle of Shiloh – Civil War battle; resulted in greater Union control over the Mississippi River valley.

Emancipation Proclamation – Order announced by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862 that freed the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863. Battle of Antietam – Union victory in Maryland during the Civil War that marked the bloodiest single day battle in U. S. military history. Capture of New Orleans by the Union – This was significant in that the Union now gained control of the Mississippi River; total control of the River was gained after Union victories of Vicksburg and Port Hudson.

54 th Massachusetts Infantry – African American Union regiment that helped capture Fort Wagner in South Carolina during the Civil War; approximately 180, 000 African Americans served in the Union Army. Martin Delaney – The 1 st African American promoted to the rank of major. Ambrose Burnside – Chosen by President Lincoln to replace General Mc. Clellan; popularized by his long “side wiskers”.

War of Attrition – Union general Grant’s Civil War strategy of fighting until the South ran out of men, supplies, and will. Total War – Type of war in which an army destroys its opponent’s ability to fight by attacking civilian and economic, as well as military, targets. Battle of Gettysburg - Union victory at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, during the Civil War that turned the tide against the Confederates; more than 40, 000 soldiers died or were wounded.

Pickett’s Charge – Failed Confederate attack during the Battle of Gettysburg. Amnesty – An official pardon issued by the government; this was Lincoln’s plan for the beginning of Reconstruction for most southerners. Reconstruction – Period following the Civil War during which the U. S. government worked to rebuild the former Confederate states and reunite the nation.

John Wilkes Booth – assassin of President Lincoln who conspired to bring down the entire Union government. Andrew Johnson – Vice-President to Lincoln who became President after the assassination of Lincoln; later impeached for violation of the Tenure of Office Acts. Thirteenth Amendment – Constitutional amendment that abolished slavery.

Black Codes – Laws passed in the southern states during Reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom of the former slaves. Freedmen’s Bureau – Agency established by Congress in 1865 to help southerners left homeless and hungry by the Civil War. Civil Rights Act of 1866 – First U. S. Civil Rights law; declared everyone born in the United States a citizen with full civil rights.

Fourteenth Amendment - Constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians; this amendment did not guarantee voting rights to African Americans. Reconstruction Acts – Laws that divided the former Confederate states, except Tennessee, into military zones and required them to draft new constitutions upholding the Fourteenth Amendment.

Fifteenth Amendment – Constitutional amendment that gave African American men the right to vote. Carpetbaggers – Northern Republicans who moved to the South during Reconstruction. Scalawags – “Scoundrels”; name that former Confederates gave to Southern Republicans during Reconstruction.

Ku Klux Klan – Secret society created by former Confederates in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African American from obtaining their civil rights. Enforcement Acts – Three acts passed by Congress allowing the government to use military force to stop violence against southern African Americans. Redeemers - Democratic supporter of whitecontrolled governments in the South in the 1870’s.

Compromise of 1877 – Agreement to settle the disputed presidential election of 1876; Democrats, whose candidate was Samuel Tilden, agreed to accept Republican Rutherford Hayes as president in return for the removal of federal troops from the South. Sharecropper – Farmers who worked land owned by someone else in return for supplies and a small share of the crops. Crop-lien System – Arrangement in which sharecroppers had to promise their crops to merchants in exchange for supplies on credit.

Poll Taxes – Taxes that a person had to pay in order to vote. Literacy Tests – Tests used to prevent people who could not read from voting. Segregation – Separation of people by category, usually race. Jim Crow Laws – Laws that enforced segregation in the South; established by the state legislatures.

Plessy v. Ferguson – Supreme Court case that established the “separate, but equal” doctrine for public facilities. Ida B. Wells – A civil rights activist, journalist, and teacher who fought against the practice of lynching and urged African Americans to leave the South.

Madame C. J. Walker – An entrepreneur who developed a hair preparations company and became on of the 1 st female millionaires in the United States. Booker T. Washington – Believed that African Americans should react to discrimination by working to achieve economic independence.