Chapter Two Population Population why it is important
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Chapter Two: Population
Population, why it is important �Population has a strong impact on many issues in human geography. �For example: Before looking at agricultural in a region, it is important to understand its agricultural needs, which is largely determined by population. �More people are alive now than ever before! 7 Billion ! �World’s pop. grew at a faster rate during late 1900 s than ever before. �Virtually all global population growth is concentrated in LDCs.
If the world were 100 people (proportionally)
Demography �The scientific study of population characteristics. �What they look at: �How people are distributed: �Spatially �Age �Gender �Occupation �Fertility �health
Key Issue 1: Where people are
General Facts � 2/3 of the world’s population are concentrated in 4 regions. �East Asia �Southeast Asia �Europe
Rank Country Population Year 1. China 1, 355, 692, 544 2014 (Est. ) 2. India 1, 236, 344, 576 2014 (Est. ) 3. United States of America 319, 510, 848 2014 (Est. ) 4. Indonesia 253, 289, 984 2014 (Est. ) 5. Brazil 210, 174, 032 2014 (Est. ) 6. Pakistan 196, 174, 384 2014 (Est. ) 7. Nigeria 178, 975, 120 2014 (Est. ) 8. Bangladesh 166, 280, 704 2014 (Est. ) 9. Russia 136, 718, 880 2014 (Est. ) 10. Japan 127, 103, 392 2014 (Est. )
Why do SO many people live in these regions?
Why do SO many people live in these regions? �They are clustered near water and have easy access to it. �Ocean or River. Water is important !!!!! � 2/3 of world’s pop live within 300 miles of an ocean. �Low lying areas �Mountains…? Ain’t nobody got breath for that! �Temperate climate �Seasons are nice. �Fertile soil!
East Asia �Close to ¼ population lives here. �China �Japan, Taiwan, Korean peninsula �China: 4 th largest in land area. �Much of interior is sparsely inhabited mountains and desert. �Pacific Coast, Huang, and Yangtze Rivers �Most live in rural areas, although urban centers are considerable �Japan and Korea: Population centered in 3 metropolitan areas
South Asia �Roughly (1/4) world’s population also lives here �India �Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka �India: 2 nd most populous country- 3/4 of S. Asia’s Pop. �Indus and Ganges Rivers �Largest concentration: 900 mile corridor from Lahore, Pakistan to Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh. �Most of the population consists of farmers. �(only 1/4 live in urban areas)
Europe � 3 rd largest population cluster (includes ‘Europe portion’ of Russia) �Includes 4 dozen countries � 3/4 live in cities (in stark contrast to the Asian centers) �Highest places near coalfields in England, Germany, and Belgium. �Need to import food from around the world. �(was an incentive for early exploration)
Southeast Asia � 4 th largest population area �Most live on islands �Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Philippines �Java has largest concentration �An island within Indonesia (13, 677 islands total) �‘Indochina’ – Southeastern tip of mainland Asia �Population concentration by river valleys + deltas �High percentage of farmers
Other Clusters �In western hemisphere �Northeast USA/Southeastern Canada �Boston to Virginia to Chicago �(2% of worlds pop live here) Primarily in urban areas �West Africa � 2% clustered here �Primarily in Nigeria �Most live in rural areas/work in agriculture
People want to live here
NOT Here
Why? �Dry Lands: No water for crops. �However, a lot of oil fields are in desert regions, and irrigation allows for some agriculture. � Wet Lands: �Continuous rainfall and often heat deplete soil nutrients �Cold Lands: �land is permanently frozen, little precipitation �High Lands: Typically steep and snow covered. �Exceptions in Latin America and Africa
That being said… �Ecumene: Portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement. �^ has been expanding! �Originally humans primarily settled in 7 regions on the earth. � What has been deemed ‘too harsh’ has been changing/broadening. � Still! (3 /4) of the world’s pop lives on only 5% of the earth’s surface. (I don’t know where the Rube-master got this stat from… but it is very misleading. )
Map Maker-Population
Density…. Round Two �Arithmetic: Total number of people divided by total land area. �Example: USA- 310 million people Land- 9. 6 million kilometers^2 310 million/9. 6 million= 32 persons per square kilometer �Useful for a quick and easy comparison �Answers ‘where’ very well. �Important to look at specific regions! �Parts of countries are more dense than others and can ‘skew’ these results.
Lets look at New York � USA- 84 persons per square mile � New York State: Population: 19, 378, 102 Land Area: 54, 556 sq miles Arithmetic Density: 355 persons per sq mile � New York City: Population: 8, 175, 133 Land Area: 302 sq miles Arithmetic Density: 27, 069 persons per sq mile � New York State without New York City: � Population: 11, 202, 969 Land Area: 54, 087 sq miles Arithmetic Density: 207 persons per square mile � A difference of about 150 persons per square mile!
Physiological Density �Total number of people supported by a unit of arable land. �Land suited for agriculture: Arable land �USA: 175 persons per kilometer^2 �Egypt: 2, 296 persons per kilometer^2 �This means Egypt needs to support roughly 2, 000 more people per kilometer of farmland. �This number wants to be low. The lower, the less pressure there is on the land to produce enough food.
Physiological Density Cont. �Shows insight into relationship between population and availability of resources in a region. �Comparing Physiological and Arithmetic �Capacity of land to yield enough food for the needs of the people �Egypt’s data shows that most of the land is unsuitable for agriculture. (Why most live near the Nile)
Agricultural Density �Number of farmers to the amount of arable land �This density helps show economic differences. �USA has an extremely low agricultural density. � (1. 6 people/kilometer^2) �Egypt has a very high ag. density � (251 people /kilometer^2) �MDCs typically have lower Ag. Densities. � This frees a lot of their work force work elsewhere. �Can be used to determine relationship between population and resources in the country.
A side note on Egypt… �Yes, it has a very high Physiological density so there is pressure to farm. �But the soil the Nile provides is very fertile so crops can be planted and harvested two or three times a year. �Yay Egypt! You go girl! �Most countries in Egypt’s situation (a high Phys. Density) find way around it. �Can you think of some examples?
�Hectare= 10, 000 meters, or 0. 01 kilometers
About 1 Square Kilometer
Key Issue Two
Natural Increase �Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Total number of live births in a year for every 1, 000 people alive in society. �Crude Death Rate (CDR): Total number of deaths in a year for every 1, 000 people alive in society. �Natural Increase Rate (NIR): Percent by which population grows in a year. Taken by subtracting CDR from CBR. �NIR=CBR – CDR �(All these terms don’t include migration) �Crude- because it measures everyone
Fertility �Total Fertility Rate (TFR)- average number of children a woman will have. �A projection/estimation �CBR tells us about data in a year, TFR attempts to predict the future. �World Average-2. 6 (LDCs-6 MDCs-1. 9)
Mortality �Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)- annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared to number of live births (expressed among deaths per 1000 births) �Higher rates in LDCs, lower rates in MDCs �Reflects a countries health care system �Reaches near 100 in sub-Saharan Africa (roughly 10% of all babies die) �Life Expectancy- Number of years a newborn can expect to live.
To summarize �LDCs �High IMR, NIR, CBR, TFR, �Lower Life Expectancy �MDCs �Higher Life Expectancy �Low IMR, NIR, CBR, TFR
Key Issue 3 The first major model
The Demographic Transition �Small changes in some areas, but all countries follow this trend �So far in history no country has reversed its transition (some countries in Africa may be) � 4 Stages �Every country in the world is in one of these stages
Stage 1: Low Growth �Very High Birth and Death rates �Virtually no long term NIR �Every country has moved on to stage 2
Stage 1 in History �Most of human life has been in stage 1 �NIR- about Zero: population unchanged �Agricultural Revolution �(Pop increased 5 million to 800 million from 8000 BC to 1750 AD) �When humans first began to domesticate plants and animals. �No longer relying on hunting and gathering �**This did not move humanity beyond stage 1 �Farming was too unpredictable + War and Disease
Stage 2: High Growth �Rapidly declining death rates �CDR plummets �Very high birth rates �CBR stays roughly the same �This difference creates a very large spike in NIR �Rapid population growth �Later on the growth rate begins to slow
Stage 2 in History � 1750: 500, 000 increase in pop 1800: 1 million increase �Industrial Revolution �Began in England �Creation/improvements of industrial tech. � Transportation, mass production, steam engine �Agricultural production increased �Increase in Wealth: Some put into public projects �Healthier populace �Stage 2 didn’t diffuse to Africa or Latin America until around 1950 �This was due to the Medical Revolution
Stage 3: Moderate Growth �CBR begins to drop sharply �A society enters this stage when people have fewer children �CDR drops but at a much slower rate �Pop increases because CBR still higher than CDR �More modest NIR (narrowing gap between CDR and CBR) �CBR drops because of change in social customs �Less kids- a delayed reaction to decline in mortality, especially IMR. �More people likely to live in cities � Large families are seen as assets to farmers, not to city dwellers
Stage 3 in History �Europe and West reached here in early 20 th cen. �Asia and Latin America reached this stage recently �Africa is mostly still in stage 2
Stage 4: Low growth �CBR declines to where it equals CDR �NIR approaches zero �Zero Population Growth (ZPG) �Magic number TFR= 2. 1: maintains population �Social Customs �Women entering workforce �Access to Birth Control methods/more likely to use them �Increase in availability of leisure activities that aren’t suitable for children (traveling, bars, upscale restaurants, chainsaw sculpting)
Stage 4 in History �USA has reached this point since about 2000 �Some European Countries as well �(TFR map shows this) �Completion is almost cyclical �However, the CDR and CBR are now low and the population is high
Stage 5 (? ? ? ) Population Decline �A predicted stage �(The DTM is a reflection) �CDR stays the same �CBR drops �When TFR drops below 2. 1 �This causes the population to decline �Germany, Italy, and Japan
Population Pyramids �Display percentage of population in each age group and distribution of males and females. �Typically shown in 5 year groups �Length of bar denotes percentage of population �Countries with high CBRs typically have a wide base �(stage 2) �Countries with a larger number of elderly or higher life expectancy are more rectangular in shape �(stage 4)
Links to Pyramids! �http: //populationpyramid. net/ �http: //www. worldlifeexpectancy. com/worldpopulation-pyramid
Age Ratio �Dependency Ratio: �# who can’t work vs # who can � 3 main age groups � 0 – 14 15 – 64 65+ �Underlined age groups are considered dependents �Ratio of 1: 1 in stage 2 � (1 dependent for every 1 worker) Ratio of 1: 2 in stage 4 (1 dependent for ever 2 workers) �More elderly in stage 4 (lower % are children due to lower CBR + increase in medical tech. ) �More young in stage 2 (10: 1 ratio of young to old dependents)
Sex Ratio �Number of males to 100 females �Generally, slightly more males are born, but more male deaths. �Females are typically much more prominent in 40+ �Stage 2 - Higher mortality rate because of mortality in child birth relates to lower female population.
https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=RLm. Kf. Xw. WQt. E �Ted Talks: Pop Pyramids
Key Issue 4 Overpopulation as a Problem
THE WORLD IS ENDING!!!! �Thomas Malthus �World’s rate of population increase will far outpace the development of food supply. �Population = Geometrically increasing (2, 4, 8, 16, etc. ) �Food = Arithmetically increasing (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. ) �Observed England to make these predictions. � 1798 (when England was essentially the only country in stage 2 at the time) � Only ‘Moral Restraint’, disease, famine, or war would keep population in check.
What is Overpopulation? �The number of people exceeding an area’s resources. �Can be a region, city, or the world. �Resources don’t have to mean just food. �So why does all this population stuff matter? �The world is only so big. �Remember ecumene? While expanding, there is only so much land that humans can live on. �With only so much land there is only so much food.
Neo-Malthusians �Population spiked even higher in the late 1900 s, causing geographers to adapt Malty’s ideas �Two Main Ideas: � 1. Massive disparity between LDCs and MDCs �Causes the gap between population and resources to be incredibly severe in some countries. �Most population increase happening in LDCs � 2. Population is outpacing other resources other than food
Malthus’s Critics �Neo-Malts are unrealistically pessimistic- (malthus)resource supply is fixed rather than expanding. �Possibilism vs Determinism (ways of looking at geo) �Increase in tech allows us to create ways around shortages �Larger pop’s aren’t always a bad thing-can stimulate economy � Mo peeps, Mo brains, Mo tech, Mo dolla’s in yo pocket, Mo food in yo belly �Poverty and Hunger = result of unequal distribution �^Marxist Idea
The facts �Food production has grown more than Malthus predicted, but he was close. �**He was wrong about population. �Many people do not have access or can’t afford food, but this is a distribution problem
How to decrease Birth Rates � 1. Improve Economic strength of region �(Move up DTM) � 2. Provide Contraception �Difficult. Resistance because of � Poor literacy rates � Cultural and Religious customs
Epidemiologic Transition �Stage 1 - Pestilence and Famine �Black Death and other plagues prevalent �Stage 2 - Receding Pandemics �Reduction in Pandemics �Improved sanitation, nutrition, medicine
Bubonic Plague/Black Death Impact graph
�Stage 3 - Degenerative and Human-created Diseases �Increase of cardiovascular diseases and cancer �Spread of effective vaccines �Stage 4 - Delayed Degenerative Diseases �Cardiovascular diseases and cancer still prevalent, but reduced.
Stage 5 - Reemergence of infectious/parasitic Diseases �Debated, not firmly established �Possibly Moving into this stage �Old diseases and new ones emerging �Stage 5 would increase CDR � 3 Reasons: � 1. Evolution � 2. Poverty � 3. Improved Travel
Article on ‘Superbugs’ �http: //www. bbc. com/news/health-34857015
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