CHAPTER THREE PERCEPTION 1 PERCEPTION DEFINITION Perception is

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CHAPTER THREE PERCEPTION 1

CHAPTER THREE PERCEPTION 1

PERCEPTION- DEFINITION Perception is the process through which the information from outside environment is

PERCEPTION- DEFINITION Perception is the process through which the information from outside environment is selected, received, organised and interpreted to make it meaningful to you. 2

Environmental stimuli Observation Perceptual selection Perceptual organization Interpretation Response 3

Environmental stimuli Observation Perceptual selection Perceptual organization Interpretation Response 3

MAJOR INFLUENCES ON THE PERCEPTION PROCESS Characteristics of the: Perceiver- needs, values, experiences, attitudes

MAJOR INFLUENCES ON THE PERCEPTION PROCESS Characteristics of the: Perceiver- needs, values, experiences, attitudes Perceived- appearance, communication, behaviour Situation- physical location, social setting, organizational setting 4

PERECPTUAL SELECTION Is the process by which people filter out most stimuli so that

PERECPTUAL SELECTION Is the process by which people filter out most stimuli so that they can deal with the most important ones. 5

EXTERNAL PERCEPTION FACTORS are characteristics that influence whether stimuli will be noticed. * Size

EXTERNAL PERCEPTION FACTORS are characteristics that influence whether stimuli will be noticed. * Size * intensity * Contrast * Motion * Repition * Novelty * Familiarity * Order 6

INTERNAL PERCEPTION FACTORS are aspects of the perceiver that influence perceptual selection. * Personality

INTERNAL PERCEPTION FACTORS are aspects of the perceiver that influence perceptual selection. * Personality dimension- field dependence/independence * Learning- past experience * Motivation 7

PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognisable and

PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognisable and identifiable patterns and whole objects. 8

FIGURE GROUND PRINCIPLE Means we tend to be attentive to such perceived objects that

FIGURE GROUND PRINCIPLE Means we tend to be attentive to such perceived objects that standout against a background. 9

PERCEPTUAL GROUPING Is the perceptual organization process of placing people and objects into recognisable

PERCEPTUAL GROUPING Is the perceptual organization process of placing people and objects into recognisable and manageable patterns or categories. 10

BARRIERS TO PERCEPTUAL ACCURACY Errors in judging people/situation * Similarity error * Contrast error

BARRIERS TO PERCEPTUAL ACCURACY Errors in judging people/situation * Similarity error * Contrast error * Overweighing positive information * Race, sex and age bias * First impression error * Recency error 11

ERRORS MADE IN PEOPLE PERCEPTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Perceptual defense Stereotyping Halo

ERRORS MADE IN PEOPLE PERCEPTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Perceptual defense Stereotyping Halo effect Expectancy effect Projection 12

1. PERCEPTUAL DEFENSE Is the tendency for people to protect themselves against ideas, objects

1. PERCEPTUAL DEFENSE Is the tendency for people to protect themselves against ideas, objects or situations that are threatening 13

2. STEREOTYPING Is the tendency to assign attributes to someone solely on the basis

2. STEREOTYPING Is the tendency to assign attributes to someone solely on the basis of a category of people of which that person is a member. 14

3. HALO EFFECT Is the tendency to judge a person entirely on the basis

3. HALO EFFECT Is the tendency to judge a person entirely on the basis of a single trait which may be favourable or unfavourable 15

4. EXPECTANCY EFFECT In the perceptual process are the extent to which prior expectation

4. EXPECTANCY EFFECT In the perceptual process are the extent to which prior expectation bias perception of events, objects and people 16

5. PROJECTION Is the tendency of people to see their own traits in other

5. PROJECTION Is the tendency of people to see their own traits in other people. 17

ATTRIBUTION THEORY When individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally

ATTRIBUTION THEORY When individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. 18

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR Is the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR Is the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when marking judgment about the behaviour of others. 19

SELF SERVING BIAS Is the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to

SELF SERVING BIAS Is the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. 20

PERCEPTION AND OB n n n Employment interview Performance expectations Performance evaluation Individual decision

PERCEPTION AND OB n n n Employment interview Performance expectations Performance evaluation Individual decision making Impression management 21

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