Chapter Three Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table → CO 3. 1 Music consists of a series of tones that build octave after octave. Similarly, elements have properties that recur period after period. Novastock/Photo. Edit Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d ← Fig. 3. 1 The protons and neutrons of an atom are found in the central nuclear region, or nucleus, and the electrons are found in an electron cloud outside the nucleus. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d ® CC 3. 1 Copyright © Houghton

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d → Table 3. 2 Copyright © Houghton

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d → Fig. 3. 2 Mendeleev constructed a periodic table as part of his effort to systemize chemistry. Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d ← Fig. 3. 3 The periodic table of the elements is a graphical way to show relationships among the elements. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d Fig. 3. 4 In this periodic table, elements 58 through 71 and 90 through 103 are shown in their proper positions. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d Fig. 3. 5 (a) Some familiar metals are aluminum, lead, tin, and zinc. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. (b) Some familiar nonmetals are sulfur, phosphorus, and bromine. 9

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d ← Table 3. 3 Copyright © Houghton

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d ← Fig. 3. 6 This portion of the periodic table shows the dividing line between metals and nonmetals. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d → Fig. 3. 7 The number of

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d Fig. 3. 8 An s orbital has spherical shape; a p orbital has two lobes; a d orbital has four lobes; and an f orbital has eight lobes. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d Fig. 3. 9 Orbitals within a subshell

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Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d ← Fig. 3. 10 The order of filling various electron subshells. Subshells of different shells “overlap. ” Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d → Fig. 3. 11 The order of filling various electron subshells with electrons follows the same order given by the arrows in this diagram. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d ← CC 3. 3 The different colors of fireworks result when heat excites the electrons of different kinds of metal atoms. William S. Helsel/Getty Images Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d → Fig. 3. 12 Electron configuration and the positions of the elements in the periodic table. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 19

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table cont’d → Fig. 3. 13 A classification scheme for the elements based on their electron configurations. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 20