Chapter Ten Derivative Securities Markets Mc GrawHillIrwin Copyright

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Chapter Ten Derivative Securities Markets Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The Mc. Graw-Hill

Chapter Ten Derivative Securities Markets Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Derivatives l A derivative is a contract between two parties whose value is based

Derivatives l A derivative is a contract between two parties whose value is based on some underlying asset price or condition l In a derivative, two parties agree to exchange a standard quantity of an asset at a predetermined price at a specific date in the future 10 -2

Derivatives’ Uses l l Derivatives are leveraged instruments where participants put up a small

Derivatives’ Uses l l Derivatives are leveraged instruments where participants put up a small amount of money and obtain the gain or loss on a much larger position Derivatives are used for speculation and for hedging l Speculation Buying or selling a derivative contract in order to earn a leveraged rate of return l Hedging Entering into a derivatives contract to reduce the risk associated with positions or commitments in their line of business 10 -3

Derivatives Markets l The first wave of modern derivatives were foreign currency futures introduced

Derivatives Markets l The first wave of modern derivatives were foreign currency futures introduced by the International Monetary Market (IMM) following the Smithsonian Agreements of 1971 and 1973 l The second wave of modern derivatives were interest rate futures introduced by the Chicago Board of Trade (CBT) with the increase in interest rate volatility in the late 1970 s 10 -4

Derivatives Markets l The third wave of modern derivatives occurred in the 1980 s

Derivatives Markets l The third wave of modern derivatives occurred in the 1980 s with the advent of stock derivatives l The fourth wave occurred in the 1990 s with credit derivatives 10 -5

Forwards and Futures l A spot contract is an agreement to transact involving the

Forwards and Futures l A spot contract is an agreement to transact involving the immediate exchange of assets and funds l A forward contract is a nonstandardized agreement to buy or sell an asset in the future, with the terms of the deal set when the contract is created l Forwards are: l custom contracts; lack standard terms l not traded, so participants must perform l risky; have potential counterparty credit risk 10 -6

Forwards and Futures l l A futures contract is a standardized, exchange-traded version of

Forwards and Futures l l A futures contract is a standardized, exchange-traded version of a forward contract Futures contracts differ from forwards in that futures are: l marketable l have no default risk l employ margin requirements and daily marking to market l margin requirement is a performance bond posted by a buyer and a seller of a futures contract 10 -7

Futures Markets l Futures contract trading occurs in trading “pits” using an open-outcry auction

Futures Markets l Futures contract trading occurs in trading “pits” using an open-outcry auction among exchange members l floor brokers place trades for the public l professional traders trade for their own accounts l position traders take a position in the futures market based on their expectations about the future direction of the prices of the underlying assets l day traders take a position within a day and liquidate it before day’s end l scalpers take positions for very short periods of time, sometimes only minutes, in an attempt to profit from active trading 10 -8

Futures Markets l Price volatility and trading interest determines which contracts are offered l

Futures Markets l Price volatility and trading interest determines which contracts are offered l Profit pressures for derivatives exchanges to merge • CME Group contains CME, CBOT, NYMEX, and COMEX l Electronic trading is increasingly dominating ‘pit’ trading • Intercontinental Exchange only has electronic trading 10 -9

Futures Contract Terms l l l Trading unit Deliverable grades Tick size Price quote

Futures Contract Terms l l l Trading unit Deliverable grades Tick size Price quote Contract months Last trading day l l l Last delivery day Delivery method Trading hours Ticker symbols Daily price limit 10 -10

Futures Contracts l l A long position is the purchase of a futures contract

Futures Contracts l l A long position is the purchase of a futures contract A short position is the sale of a futures contract A clearinghouse is the unit that oversees trading on the exchange and guarantees all trades made by the exchange Open interest is the total number of the futures, put options, or call options outstanding at the beginning of the day 10 -11

Futures Contracts l An initial margin is a deposit required on futures trades to

Futures Contracts l An initial margin is a deposit required on futures trades to ensure that the terms of the contracts will be met l The maintenance margin is the margin a futures trader must maintain once a futures position is taken l if losses occur such that margin account funds fall below the maintenance margin, the customer is required to deposit additional funds in the margin account to keep the position open 10 -12

Example -- Futures Contract Terms Contract T-Bond Exchange CBOT Delivery Months M, J, S,

Example -- Futures Contract Terms Contract T-Bond Exchange CBOT Delivery Months M, J, S, D Contract Size $ 100, 000 Deliverable Instrument See below* IMR $3, 713 MMR $2, 750 Contract: 30 year Treasury Bond contract Exchange: Chicago Board of Trade Delivery Months: Contract maturity months are March, June, September, December Contract Size: Contract calls for delivery of $100, 000 face value Deliverable Instrument: Treasury bonds that do mature for at least 15 years from the date of delivery and mature in no more than 25 years IMR: Exchange mandated initial margin requirement of $3, 713 (brokers may require a higher margin) MMR: Exchange mandated maintenance margin required to keep the account open 10 -13

Long and Short Positions Contract T-Bond Exchange CBOT Delivery Months M, J, S, D

Long and Short Positions Contract T-Bond Exchange CBOT Delivery Months M, J, S, D Contract Size $ 100, 000 Deliverable Instrument See below* IMR $3, 713 MMR $2, 750 If an investor buys or goes “long” one June contract, they are agreeing to buy $100, 000 par or face value of T-Bonds at the original futures contract price when the contract expires in June. If an investor sells or goes “short” one June contract, they are agreeing to deliver $100, 000 par or face value of T-Bonds and receive the original futures contract price when the contract expires in June. Each investor must put up the IMR of $3, 713 when they open the contract. Each investor must maintain the MMR of $2, 750 in their margin account while the position is open. 10 -14

T-Bond Futures Quote Sheet Source: CBOT l l Price quotes are in dollars and

T-Bond Futures Quote Sheet Source: CBOT l l Price quotes are in dollars and 32 nds as a percent of face value ‘Open’ price for the June contract of 124’ 28 is $124 28/32 percent of $100, 000 = $124, 875 If you buy the contract at the open, what are you agreeing to do? If you sell the contract at the open, what are you agreeing to do? 10 -15

Marking to Market l Gains and losses are recognized daily IMR = $3, 713,

Marking to Market l Gains and losses are recognized daily IMR = $3, 713, MMR = $2, 750 Suppose you buy one June contract at the open of $124, 875, Monday’s close is 124’ 26, and Tuesday’s close is 122’ 29. What is in your margin account after Tuesday’s settle? l Who receives the money taken out of your margin account? l 10 -16

Options l l l An option is a contract that gives the holder the

Options l l l An option is a contract that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the underlying asset at a specified price within a specified period of time A call option is an option that gives the purchaser the right, but not the obligation, to buy the underlying security from the writer of the option at a specified exercise price on (or up to) a specified date A put option is an option that gives the purchaser the right, but not the obligation, to sell the underlying security to the writer of the option at a specified exercise price on (or up to) a specified date 10 -17

Profit Diagrams for Call Options Payoff profit Payoff for call buyer C 0 X

Profit Diagrams for Call Options Payoff profit Payoff for call buyer C 0 X Stock Price at expiration -C Payoff loss Payoff for call writer 10 -18

Profit Diagrams for Put Options Payoff profit Payoff for put writer P 0 X

Profit Diagrams for Put Options Payoff profit Payoff for put writer P 0 X -P Payoff loss Stock Price at expiration Payoff for put buyer 10 -19

Options l l The Black-Scholes option pricing model (the model most commonly used to

Options l l The Black-Scholes option pricing model (the model most commonly used to price and value options) is a function of: l the spot price of the underlying asset l the exercise price on the option l the option’s exercise date l the price volatility of the underlying asset l the risk-free rate of interest The intrinsic value of an option is the difference between an option’s exercise price and the underlying asset price l the intrinsic value of a call option = max{S – X, 0} l the intrinsic value of a put option = max{X – S, 0} 10 -20

Option Intrinsic Value and Time Value 10 -21

Option Intrinsic Value and Time Value 10 -21

Option Price Quotes AMR Call Expiration May Jan STRIKE 6. 00 7. 50 LAST

Option Price Quotes AMR Call Expiration May Jan STRIKE 6. 00 7. 50 LAST 3. 30 1. 30 VOLUME 12 60 OPEN INTEREST 578 17062 LAST 0. 45 0. 15 Underlying stock price $8. 79 Put OPEN INTEREST VOLUME 20 138 4175 58909 • The May call is in the money (positive intrinsic value) and the call premium is $3. 30 * 100 = $330 (contracts are for 100 shares) • The intrinsic value of the call (S-X) is ($8. 79 - $6. 00) * 100 = $279 • The time value of the call is $330 - $279 = $51 • The May put is out of the money and the put’s intrinsic value (X-S) is 0 • The put still has time value, however, equal to $0. 45 * 100 = $45 10 -22

Option Markets l l l The Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) opened in

Option Markets l l l The Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) opened in 1973 as the first exchange devoted solely to the trading of stock options Options on futures contracts began trading in 1982 An American option can be exercised at any time before (and on) the expiration date A European option can be exercised only on the expiration date The trading process for options is similar to that for futures contracts 10 -23

More on Options l l l The underlying asset on a stock option is

More on Options l l l The underlying asset on a stock option is the stock of a publicly traded company The underlying asset on a stock index option is the value of a major stock market index (e. g. , DJIA or S&P 500) The underlying asset on a futures option is a futures contract Credit spread call options l the value of a credit spread call option increases as the default (risk) premium or yield spread on a specified benchmark bond of the borrower increases above some exercise spread A digital default option pays a stated amount in the event of a loan default 10 -24

Swaps l l A swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange assets

Swaps l l A swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange assets or a series of cash flows for a specific period of time at a specified interval A plain vanilla interest rate swap is an exchange of fixedinterest payments for floating-interest payments by two counterparties l l l the swap buyer makes a periodic fixed interest rate payment on a stated notional principal amount the swap seller makes a periodic floating-rate interest payments on the same stated notional principal amount no principal is exchanged 10 -25

Swaps l A currency swap is a periodic exchange of one currency for another

Swaps l A currency swap is a periodic exchange of one currency for another between the parties l Usually associated with borrowing money l The exchanges can be at a fixed or a variable rate of interest as negotiated in the contract, but the exchanges occur at a known currency exchange rate l Used to hedge exchange rate risk from mismatched currencies of assets and liabilities 10 -26

Swaps l Credit default swaps (CDS) allow financial institutions to hedge credit risk l

Swaps l Credit default swaps (CDS) allow financial institutions to hedge credit risk l A CDS buyer is buying insurance on a loan or bond l CDS seller receives periodic payments from the CDS buyer If the insured loan or bond defaults, the CDS seller pays the par value of the loan or bond to the CDS buyer CDS played a major role in the financial crisis, AIG and others were major sellers of CDS that insured mortgagebacked securities, but lacked capital and could not pay when the mortgage securities failed l l 10 -27

Swap Markets l Swaps are not standardized contracts l Swap dealers (usually financial institutions)

Swap Markets l Swaps are not standardized contracts l Swap dealers (usually financial institutions) keep markets liquid by matching counterparties or by taking positions themselves l The International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) is an association among 56 countries that sets codes of standards for swap documentation 10 -28

Caps, Floors, and Collars l Financial institutions use options on interest rates to hedge

Caps, Floors, and Collars l Financial institutions use options on interest rates to hedge interest rate risk l l l a cap is a call option on interest rates, often with multiple exercise dates a floor is a put option on interest rates, often with multiple exercise dates a collar is a position taken simultaneously in a cap and a floor (usually buying a cap and selling a floor) 10 -29

Regulators of Derivatives l l l The primary regulator of futures markets is the

Regulators of Derivatives l l l The primary regulator of futures markets is the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) The Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) is the primary regulator of stock options and stock index options The CFTC is the regulator of options on futures contracts 10 -30

Regulators of Derivatives l l l Until the Dodd-Frank Act neither the SEC nor

Regulators of Derivatives l l l Until the Dodd-Frank Act neither the SEC nor the CFTC directly regulated OTC derivatives such as swaps Under the new law OTC derivatives may be required to be traded on an exchange and as such would come under the purview of the SEC and CFTC Bank regulators will presumably more tightly regulate bank usage of derivatives 10 -31

International Derivative Markets Securities in the U. S. markets and the euro and U.

International Derivative Markets Securities in the U. S. markets and the euro and U. S. dollar are the most common bases for derivatives 10 -32

Black-Sholes Call Option Model 10 -33

Black-Sholes Call Option Model 10 -33