Chapter Ten Blending process 1 Blending process 2

Chapter Ten: Blending process 1

Blending process 2

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Components of the Gasoline Pool • Butane • Isomerate All have different properties • LN • Alkylate • Reformate • FCC • HN Lots of different Grade 4

Gasoline Blending with n-Butane Ø Gasoline is blended with n-butane to promote high antiknock quality, ease of starting, and quick warm-up. Ø The vapor pressure [expressed as the Reid vapor pressure (RVP)] of gasoline is a compromise between a high RVP to improve economics and engine starting characteristics and a low RVP to prevent vapor lock and reduce evaporation losses. Ø RVP of gasoline changes with the season of the year and varies between 7. 2 psi (49. 6 k. Pa) in the summer and 13. 5 psi (93. 1 k. Pa) in the winter.

The desired RVP of a gasoline is obtained by blending gasoline with n-butane. The amount of n-butane required to give the needed RVP is calculated by: 6

RVP of water ~6. 60 k. Pa 7

Reid vapor pressure Partial vapor pressure=RVP*xi is mole fraction 8

Using Vapor Pressure Blending Indices (VPBI) Vapor pressure blending indices (VPBI) have been compiled as a function of the RVP of the blending streams Reid vapor pressure of the blend is closely approximated by the sum of all the products of the volume fraction (v) times the VPBI for each component. In the case where the volume of the butane to be blended for a given RVP is desired: 9

BPD Although this differs slightly from the result obtained in Example 1, they agree well within the limits required for normal refinery operation. 10

Blending Based on Octane Number Octane number : Is a measure of a gasoline’s resistance to knock in a cylinder of a pertol engine. v The higher octane number, the higher the resistance to knock, the higher is the efficiency of the fuel to produce work. q RON (Research Octane Number) is determined in a single cylinder variable compression ratio engine that operates at 600 rpm with a 65. 6 ºC inlet air temperature. q MON (Motor Octane Number) is determined at engine speed of 900 rpm and 148. 9 ºC inlet air temperature. Usually RON> MON RON-MON=sensitivity of the gasoline

RON=95. 0 MON= 89. 4 PON= (95+89. 4)/2=92. 2

93. 52 Assume that we need the PON of the above pool to be at least 95. How can we achieve that? 15

Octane improvers (methyl tertiary butyl ether) (tertiary amyl methyl ether) (tetra ethyl lead) 11, 500 MTBE is the typical octane enhancer 16

METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER • Any hydrocarbon stream containing isobutene can be used for the production of MTBE. • Methanol reacts with isobutene to form MTBE. • The etherification reaction is conducted in the presence of a catalyst that is cationic resin and strongly acidic. These resins are produced by sulfonation of a copolymer of polystyrene and divinyl benzene. • These catalysts are very sensitive to impurities, which could destroy their acidic function, and high temperatures, which could remove the sulfonic bond. 17

METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER • A number of secondary reactions can also occur, depending on the operating conditions and feed impurities, such as: 18

Adding MTBE to enhance PON RVP (psi) 93. 52 How much MTBE (MW= 88 g/mol, RVP=9 psi) will be required to obtain 95 PON. The MON and RON of MTBE are 101 and 118, respectively. Is the resulted blend suitable for very hot 19 weather?

q Blending of viscosities may be calculated conveniently by using viscosity factors. In equation form: q The pour point index of the blend is the sum of the products of the volume fraction times the pour point blending index (PPBI) for each component, or

End of Blending 21