Chapter Preview Section 1 The Sociological Perspective Section

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Chapter Preview Section 1: The Sociological Perspective Section 2: The Origins of Sociology Section

Chapter Preview Section 1: The Sociological Perspective Section 2: The Origins of Sociology Section 3: Theoretical Perspectives

Chapter Preview · Section 1 The Sociological Perspective (pages 6– 13) Sociology studies human

Chapter Preview · Section 1 The Sociological Perspective (pages 6– 13) Sociology studies human social behavior. It assumes a group, rather than an individual, perspective. Sociologists look for the patterns in social relationships. Individuals can benefit by using their sociological imaginations to look at events in their personal lives.

Chapter Preview · Section 2 The Origins of Sociology (pages 14– 22) Sociology is

Chapter Preview · Section 2 The Origins of Sociology (pages 14– 22) Sociology is a young science. It started with the writings of European scholars like Auguste Comte, Harriet Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Jane Addams and W. E. B. Du Bois helped to focus America’s attention on social issues. After World War II, America took the lead in developing the field.

Chapter Preview · Section 3 Theoretical Perspectives (pages 23– 31) Sociology includes three major

Chapter Preview · Section 3 Theoretical Perspectives (pages 23– 31) Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives. Functionalism views society as an integrated whole. Conflict theory looks at class, race, and gender struggles. Symbolic interactionism examines how group members use shared symbols as they interact.

Sociology studies human social behavior. It assumes a group, rather than an individual, perspective.

Sociology studies human social behavior. It assumes a group, rather than an individual, perspective. Sociologists look for the patterns in social relationships. Individuals can benefit by using their sociological imaginations to look at events in their personal lives.

 • perspective • sociology • sociological perspective • social structure • sociological imagination

• perspective • sociology • sociological perspective • social structure • sociological imagination

How much influence do groups have on your life? A. Much influence B. Some

How much influence do groups have on your life? A. Much influence B. Some influence C. Little influence D. No influence A. B. C. D. A B C D

The Nature of Sociology • Perspective is a particular point of view. • Sociology

The Nature of Sociology • Perspective is a particular point of view. • Sociology is the study of social structure. • The sociological perspective always focuses on the group as opposed to the individual. The Social Sciences

How important is it to examine human behavior on a group level? A. Very

How important is it to examine human behavior on a group level? A. Very important B. Somewhat important C. Not very important D. Not important at all A. B. C. D. A B C D

The Importance of Patterns • Social structure is the patterned interaction of people in

The Importance of Patterns • Social structure is the patterned interaction of people in social relationships. • Sociologists focus on a pattern of behavior shared by members of a group or society, not the behavior of an individual. • All groups encourage conformity.

Which size group do you think is the most likely to encourage conformity? A.

Which size group do you think is the most likely to encourage conformity? A. Large B. Medium C. Small D. All have equal influence A. B. C. D. A B C D

Acquiring the Sociological Imagination • Sociological imagination is the ability of individuals to see

Acquiring the Sociological Imagination • Sociological imagination is the ability of individuals to see the relationship between events in their personal lives and events in their society. • Sociological imagination allows us to question accepted ideas, or the conventional social wisdom. Health Insurance

Why is it important to understand the sociological perspective? A. To better understand the

Why is it important to understand the sociological perspective? A. To better understand the individual. B. To know which group is the best. C. To better understand the forces that effect our lives. D. To learn how to be social. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Sociology is a young science. It started with the writings of European scholars like

Sociology is a young science. It started with the writings of European scholars like Auguste Comte, Harriet Martineau, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Jane Addams and W. E. B. Du Bois helped to focus America’s attention on social issues. After World War II, America took the lead in developing the field of sociology. Time Line of Early Sociologists

 • positivism • class conflict • social statics • mechanical solidarity • social

• positivism • class conflict • social statics • mechanical solidarity • social dynamics • organic solidarity • bourgeoisie • verstehen • capitalist • rationalization • proletariat

How would you rate changes in our society over the past few years? A.

How would you rate changes in our society over the past few years? A. Positive B. Neutral C. Negative D. No real changes A. B. C. D. A B C D

European Origins • Sudden changes during the late 19 th century in Europe caused

European Origins • Sudden changes during the late 19 th century in Europe caused intellectuals to begin the study of sociology. • Auguste Comte used positivism, scientific observation so that one can be positive of results, to study society. Time Line of Early Sociologists Auguste Comte

European Origins (cont. ) • Comte distinguished between: – social statics – social dynamics

European Origins (cont. ) • Comte distinguished between: – social statics – social dynamics Time Line of Early Sociologists

European Origins (cont. ) • Harriet Martineau emphasized sociology as a science and was

European Origins (cont. ) • Harriet Martineau emphasized sociology as a science and was a pioneering feminist theorist. Time Line of Early Sociologists Harriet Martineau

European Origins (cont. ) • Herbert Spencer compared social stability to the parts of

European Origins (cont. ) • Herbert Spencer compared social stability to the parts of the body. • Spencer introduced Social Darwinism—the idea that evolutionary social changes lead to progress provided people did not interfere. • He opposed social reform. Time Line of Early Sociologists Herbert Spencer

European Origins (cont. ) • Karl Marx wanted social scientists to change the world

European Origins (cont. ) • Karl Marx wanted social scientists to change the world instead of merely studying it. • He thought that the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat would eventually have a conflict and a classless, or communistic, society would emerge. Time Line of Early Sociologists

European Origins (cont. ) • Marx felt that the key to the unfolding of

European Origins (cont. ) • Marx felt that the key to the unfolding of history was class conflict. Karl Marx Time Line of Early Sociologists

European Origins (cont. ) • Emile Durkheim believed that: – In preindustrial times societies

European Origins (cont. ) • Emile Durkheim believed that: – In preindustrial times societies were based on mechanical solidarity. – In industrial times societies are based organic solidarity. Time Line of Early Sociologists

European Origins (cont. ) • Dirkheim introduced the use of statistical techniques for testing

European Origins (cont. ) • Dirkheim introduced the use of statistical techniques for testing social theories. Time Line of Early Sociologists Emile Durkheim

European Origins (cont. ) • Max Weber claimed that humans act on the basis

European Origins (cont. ) • Max Weber claimed that humans act on the basis of their own understanding of a situation. • Weber believed that the best understanding of the personal intentions of people in groups can be gained through the method of verstehen. Time Line of Early Sociologists Max Weber

European Origins (cont. ) • Weber identified rationalization as a key influence in the

European Origins (cont. ) • Weber identified rationalization as a key influence in the change of society. Time Line of Early Sociologists Max Weber

How did Karl Marx believe a communistic society would arise? A. Through the method

How did Karl Marx believe a communistic society would arise? A. Through the method of verstehen B. By rationalization C. Class conflict would ensue D. Through the rise of social Darwinism A. B. C. D. A B C D

Sociology in America • The study of sociology began in Europe, but the greatest

Sociology in America • The study of sociology began in Europe, but the greatest development has taken place in the United States. Time Line of Early Sociologists

Sociology in America (cont. ) • Jane Addams was the best known of the

Sociology in America (cont. ) • Jane Addams was the best known of the early women social reformers in the United States. • Addams focused on the women’s suffrage and peace movements, as well as the effects of industrialism on the lower class. Time Line of Early Sociologists Jane Addams

Sociology in America (cont. ) • Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in

Sociology in America (cont. ) • Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. Time Line of Early Sociologists Jane Addams

Sociology in America (cont. ) • W. E. B. Du Bois experienced and studied

Sociology in America (cont. ) • W. E. B. Du Bois experienced and studied racial discrimination and segregation. • Du Bois analyzed the sophisticated social structure of African American communities within the United States and throughout the world. Time Line of Early Sociologists W. E. B. Du Bois

How were Jane Addams and W. E. B. Du Bois similar? A. They were

How were Jane Addams and W. E. B. Du Bois similar? A. They were both from Europe. B. Both focused on people who endured discrimination. C. They left the United States. looking for a better life D. Both graduated from the University of Chicago. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives. Functionalism views society as an integrated whole. Conflict

Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives. Functionalism views society as an integrated whole. Conflict theory looks at class, race, and gender struggles. Symbolic interactionism examines how group members use shared symbols as they interact.

 • theoretical perspective • functionalism • manifest functions • latent functions • dysfunction

• theoretical perspective • functionalism • manifest functions • latent functions • dysfunction • conflict perspective • power • symbolic interaction • dramaturgy

As you have grown older, has your perspective of school changed? A. Very much

As you have grown older, has your perspective of school changed? A. Very much B. A little C. Not at all A. A B. B C. C

The Role of Theoretical Perspectives • Theoretical perspective, when applied to sociology, means a

The Role of Theoretical Perspectives • Theoretical perspective, when applied to sociology, means a set of assumptions about the workings of a society accepted as true by the supporters of theory.

The Role of Theoretical Perspectives (cont. ) • Three theoretical perspectives overarch in the

The Role of Theoretical Perspectives (cont. ) • Three theoretical perspectives overarch in the field of sociology: – functionalism – conflict theory – symbolic interaction A World Turned Upside Down Perception and Perspective

Is it important to have different perspectives? A. Yes B. No C. It depends

Is it important to have different perspectives? A. Yes B. No C. It depends on the situation A. A B. B C. C

Functionalism • Functionalism states that all parts of a society contribute, or function, as

Functionalism • Functionalism states that all parts of a society contribute, or function, as an integrated whole. • A change in one part of a society leads to change in another part.

Functionalism (cont. ) • According to Robert Merten (1969) there are two kinds of

Functionalism (cont. ) • According to Robert Merten (1969) there are two kinds of functions: – manifest functions – latent functions

Functionalism (cont. ) • Elements of society that make a negative contribution lead to

Functionalism (cont. ) • Elements of society that make a negative contribution lead to dysfunction. • According to functionalism, there is a consensus on values that leads to the high degree of cooperation found in any society.

Which function is unintended and unrecognized? A. Manifest function B. Dysfunction C. Latent function

Which function is unintended and unrecognized? A. Manifest function B. Dysfunction C. Latent function D. Malfunction A. B. C. D. A B C D

Conflict Perspective • The conflict perspective emphasizes that groups and societies compete as they

Conflict Perspective • The conflict perspective emphasizes that groups and societies compete as they attempt to preserve and promote their own special values and interests. • Conflict theory is based on a contest for power.

Which of the following do you feel is the most associated with power? A.

Which of the following do you feel is the most associated with power? A. Wealth B. Prestige C. Ideas D. Physical ability A. B. C. D. A B C D

Symbolic Interactionism • Symbolic interactionism, according to Herbert Blumer, is defined as the interactions

Symbolic Interactionism • Symbolic interactionism, according to Herbert Blumer, is defined as the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols.

Symbolic Interactionism (cont. ) • The basic assumptions of symbolic interactionism include: – We

Symbolic Interactionism (cont. ) • The basic assumptions of symbolic interactionism include: – We learn the meaning of a symbol from the way we see others reacting to it. – We base our behavior (interactions) on those symbols. – We then use the meanings of symbols to imagine how others will respond to our behavior.

Symbolic Interactionism (cont. ) • To better understand human interaction, Erving Goffman introduced dramaturgy

Symbolic Interactionism (cont. ) • To better understand human interaction, Erving Goffman introduced dramaturgy which describes human interaction as a theatrical performance. Assumptions of the Major Theoretical Perspectives

Which term means the depiction of human interaction as a theatrical performance? A. Impression

Which term means the depiction of human interaction as a theatrical performance? A. Impression B. Conflict C. Dramaturgy D. Symbol A. B. C. D. A B C D

The Social Sciences

The Social Sciences

The Social Sciences

The Social Sciences

Time Line of Early Sociologists

Time Line of Early Sociologists

Time Line of Early Sociologists

Time Line of Early Sociologists

Source: U. S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004– 2005.

Source: U. S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004– 2005.

A World Turned Upside Down

A World Turned Upside Down

Perception and Perspective

Perception and Perspective

Sociology Chapter Transparencies Comparing Theoretical Perspectives Mixed-Up Calendar

Sociology Chapter Transparencies Comparing Theoretical Perspectives Mixed-Up Calendar

perspective a particular point of view

perspective a particular point of view

sociology the scientific study of social structure (patterned social behavior)

sociology the scientific study of social structure (patterned social behavior)

sociological perspective a view that looks at the behavior of groups, not individuals

sociological perspective a view that looks at the behavior of groups, not individuals

social structure the patterned interaction of people in social relationships

social structure the patterned interaction of people in social relationships

sociological imagination the ability to see the link between society and self

sociological imagination the ability to see the link between society and self

positivism the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation

positivism the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation

social statics the study of social stability and order

social statics the study of social stability and order

social dynamics the study of social change

social dynamics the study of social change

bourgeoisie class owning the means for producing wealth

bourgeoisie class owning the means for producing wealth

capitalist person who owns or controls the means for producing wealth

capitalist person who owns or controls the means for producing wealth

proletariat working class; those who labor for the bourgeoisie

proletariat working class; those who labor for the bourgeoisie

class conflict the ongoing struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (working) classes

class conflict the ongoing struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (working) classes

mechanical solidarity social dependency based on a widespread consensus of values and beliefs, enforced

mechanical solidarity social dependency based on a widespread consensus of values and beliefs, enforced conformity, and dependence on tradition and family

organic solidarity social interdependency based on a high degree of specialization in roles

organic solidarity social interdependency based on a high degree of specialization in roles

verstehen understanding social behavior by putting yourself in the place of others

verstehen understanding social behavior by putting yourself in the place of others

rationalization the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning

rationalization the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning

theoretical perspective a set of assumptions accepted as true

theoretical perspective a set of assumptions accepted as true

functionalism approach that emphasizes the contributions made by each part of society

functionalism approach that emphasizes the contributions made by each part of society

manifest functions intended and recognized consequences of an aspect of society

manifest functions intended and recognized consequences of an aspect of society

latent functions unintended and unrecognized consequences of an aspect of society

latent functions unintended and unrecognized consequences of an aspect of society

dysfunction negative consequence of an aspect of society

dysfunction negative consequence of an aspect of society

conflict perspective approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society

conflict perspective approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society

power the ability to control the behavior of others

power the ability to control the behavior of others

symbol anything that stands for something else and has an agreed-upon meaning attached to

symbol anything that stands for something else and has an agreed-upon meaning attached to it

symbolic interactionism approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood

symbolic interactionism approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols

dramaturgy approach that depicts human interaction as theatrical performances

dramaturgy approach that depicts human interaction as theatrical performances

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