CHAPTER Personality refers to longlasting patterns of behavior

CHAPTER Personality refers to longlasting patterns of behavior. Is your personality a result of unseen forces, what you learn, or inherited genes? © West Educational Publishing 14 Theories of Personality EXIT

Defining Personality Psychologists look at theories of personality to help them study people. Personality is made up of consistent and long-lasting patterns of behavior. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Personality Theories c i t y l a n a o h c Psy Social c i t y l a n a o h c y s P c i t s i r o ehavi B Click on a theory for more information. ic t s i n a Hum s e i r o e h Trait T © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud (1856 -1939) 4 Personality is set by age 5 or 6. 4 Personality development is guided by the family and its conflicts. 4 Memories from childhood are buried in the unconscious and reached using a method called free association. 4 Forbidden needs or desires are repressed but can appear as conflicts and anxieties. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Super eg guilt a o - “the con n sc desser d pride (Is t ience” feels h t for e veryon ere enough e? ) Freud’s Conception of Personality © West Educational Publishing Ego - the self (reality) listens to both the id and the superego. Decision maker (I’ll get my dessert after my homework is done. ) Id - present at birth; basic needs and drives emphasis on sexual and aggressive forces (I’m hungry - I’ll take the biggest dessert. ) EXIT

Freudian Stages of Development Genital (Adulthood) Latency (6 years to adolescence) Marriage partner is found Conflicts surface from childhood Phallic (2 1/2 to 5 or 6 years) The Oedipus Complex Anal (1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years) Being stingy or overly generous Oral (Birth to 1 1/2 years) © West Educational Publishing Chewing, sucking, biting EXIT

Carl Jung 4 Jung believed that the unconscious contained religious and mystical beliefs that also controlled behavior. 4 The collective unconscious is the set of ideas shared by the entire human race (called archetypes or universal human concepts). 4 We all develop personas (fake personalities) to fit what we think we should be like. ? Click for more information. Psychoanalytic Social © West Educational Psychoanalytic Behavioristic Publishing Humanistic Trait Theories EXIT

Social Psychoanalytic Theories Karen Horney disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on biological drives—she emphasized the stresses that come from peoples’ need for love and acceptance. People who do not receive love build up anxiety and stress in the unconscious. Alfred Adler believed people need to feel worthwhile and important. People who feel inferior to others seek to control others by bullying. Erikson believed some aspects of personality can change. He named eight stages that all people go through. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Erickson’s Eight Stages 4 Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 2 years) 4 Autonomy vs. Shame (2 to 3 years) 4 Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years) 4 Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years) 4 Identify vs. Identity Confusion (13 to 18 years) 4 Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 to 30 years) 4 Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood) 4 Ego Integrity vs. Ego Despair (late adulthood) Click for more information. Psychoanalytic Social © West Educational Psychoanalytic Behavioristic Publishing Humanistic Trait Theories EXIT

Behavioristic Personalities evolve from a series of rewards and punishments. John Watson Albert Bandura B. F. Skinner Click the names for more information. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Behavioristic Personalities evolve from a series of rewards and punishments. Albert Bandura John Watson B. F. Skinner Present behavior is based on learning from past experiences. Click for more information. Psychoanalytic Social © West Educational Psychoanalytic Behavioristic Publishing Humanistic Trait Theories EXIT

Behavioristic Personalities evolve from a series of rewards and punishments. Albert Bandura John Watson B. F. Skinner Behavior is the result of reinforcements and modeling behavior after others. Click for more information. Psychoanalytic Social © West Educational Psychoanalytic Behavioristic Publishing Humanistic Trait Theories EXIT

Behavioristic Personalities evolve from a series of rewards and punishments. Albert Bandura John Watson B. F. Skinner Behavior is the result of consequences or reinforcements. Click for more information. Psychoanalytic Social © West Educational Psychoanalytic Behavioristic Publishing Humanistic Trait Theories EXIT

Humanistic Behavior is based on striving for individual positive potential. Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Each person is unique and has the potential to be self-actualized. People are basically good. People strive for their ideal self. People strive to be fully functioning. Click for more information. Psychoanalytic Social © West Educational Psychoanalytic Behavioristic Publishing Humanistic Trait Theories EXIT

Trait Theories Personal traits such as shyness and aggressiveness influence how we perceive the world. Traits describe the personality. Click on the names for. more information. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Gordon Allport 4 Cardinal traits are strong personality traits that rule behavior. 4 Central traits are characteristic of the person in many situations. 4 Secondary traits are weakest traits and appear only in Click for more information. © West Educational Publishing certain situations. EXIT

Raymond Cattell 4 Surface traits are behaviors seen everyday. 4 Source traits are core or summarizing traits. Click for more information. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Hans Eysenck 4 Eysenck describes personality in terms of how extroverted (outgoing) or introverted a person is. 4 This is also seen in terms of degrees of emotional stability and emotional instability. Examples include: Submissive Dominant Trusting Suspicious Conservative Experimenting Relaxed Tense Serious Frivolous Click for more information. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

The Five Factor Model Research suggests that five personality factors are inherited or at least present at an early age. Openness; Conscientiousness; Extraversion; Agreeableness Neuroticism curiosity; self-discipline; sociable; or emotional accepting of willingness to outgoing stability other points achieve of view Click for more information. Psychoanalytic Social © West Educational Psychoanalytic Behavioristic Publishing Humanistic Trait Theories EXIT

Summary of Main Topics Covered Psychoanalytic Social Psychoanlytic Behavioristic Humanistic Trait Theories 4 Allport 4 Cattell 4 Eysenck © West 4 Educational Five-Factor Model Publishing EXIT