Chapter Opener 1 Figure 7 54 2 Characteristics

Chapter Opener 1

Figure 7. 54 2

Characteristics of Major Animal Phyla 3

Invertebrates - Echinoderms • Echinodermata 극피동물문 echinoderms • Characteristics of Phylum: – Name means "Spiny Skin" 가시를 가진 피부 – Endoskeleton 내골격 – Water vascular system with tube feet important in feeding and locomotion 수관계 관족 팽대부ampullae 천공판madreporite – Skin gills for respiration – Radial symmetry 방사대칭 in adults - larvae are bilaterally symmetrical 좌우대칭 유생 – Nervous system is decentralized - no brain - this allows any portion of the body to lead – Can regenerate lost body parts – All 7000 species exclusively marine 4

five classes of living echinoderms traditional taxonomy, five classes of living echinoderms: • Crinoidea (sea lilies) 바다나리류 • Asteroidea (starfish) 별불가사리류 sea star • Ophiuroidea (brittle stars or snake stars) 거미불가사리류 • Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) 성게류 • Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) 해삼류 • An unusual echinoderm, Xyloplax , was found in 1986, on sunken wood in the deep sea. It may represent a sixth class, the Concentricycloidea (Baker et al. , 1986), but many zoologists now consider Xyloplax to be an aberrant asteroid. • http: //www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/echinodermata/echinosy. html five classes of living echinoderms 5

Echinoderms – 극피동물 계통분류 http: //www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/echinodermata/echinosy. html 6

Invertebrates – Echinoderms – 극피동물 계통 http: //tolweb. org/Echinodermata 7

Invertebrates - Echinoderms • Crinoidea 바다나리강 crinoids – Represented by feather stars 갯고사리류 and sea lilies 바다백합 – 600 species are typically found in deep water – Sea lilies live attached while feather stars are mobile – These organisms have 5 or more arms that branch out for suspension feeding – Some use a mucous net to aid in food capture – 관족 점액 분비, 섬모성 관족대, 현탁물 섭식 수 류 방향 9

Invertebrates - Echinoderms 10

Invertebrates - Echinoderms • Asteroidea 불가사리강 sea stars, starfish – Move with tube feet, ambulacral groove 보대구 – Have a central disc in center of body surrounded by five arms (or multiples of 5 arms – some species have 50 arms) – Internal organs extend through the entire body, including the arms – Calcium carbonate plates are loosely embedded in spiny skin making them slightly flexible – Carnivores that normally consume shellfish and coral – Pedicellaria 차극 11

Invertebrates - Echinoderms 13

Invertebrates - Echinoderms • Ophiuroidea 거미불가사리강 brittle stars – Like sea stars, they have a central disc surrounded by arms – Five arms seen in brittle stars are thin and covered in numerous spines – Internal organs are restricted to the central disc – The tube feet present in brittle stars are without suckers and used for feeding on detritus and small animals 14

Invertebrates - Echinoderms 15

Invertebrates - Echinoderms • Echinoidea 성게강 • sea urchins 성게, sea biscuits, sand dollars 연입성게류 – Elongated, movable spines much longer than those sea in other groups 가시와 차극 – Rigid plates are fused into a solid structure called a “test” 외각(껍데기) – Move with tube feet – Mouth on the bottom, anus on top of body – Biting mouth for grazing – aristotles lantern is the feeding structure of muscles and mouthpieces 아리스 토텔레스 등 – Feed on detritus, encrusting organisms, algae or anything else they can scrape off surfaces 16

Invertebrates - Echinoderms 17

Invertebrates - Echinoderms • Holothuroidea 해삼강 sea cucumbers – Five rows of two feet are restricted to one side, where the animal lies 5줄 관족 – The plates found in the sea cucumbers are loosely embedded in the thick skin 석회질 골편 – They are deposit feeders 퇴적물 섭식자 – Sea cucumbers have a interesting predator escape plan called evisceration 내장적출, where they expel the internal organs; it is assumed this allows escape for the sea cucumber. – Since all echinoderms have regenerative capabilities, these internal organs will grow back. 19

Invertebrates - Echinoderms 20

Invertebrates - Hemichordates • Hemichordata 반삭동물문 hemichordates • Characteristics of Phylum: – Although a rare group, these worms seem to span a gap between invertebrates and more advanced chordate animals “단절고리? ” – Acorn worms (장생동물류 별벌레아재비류 enteropneusts) share some features with chordates including pharnyngeal gill slits, nerve cord and a stomocord that is similar to the chordate notochord 비 어있는 배부 신경삭; 소화관의 앞부분에 새열공 존재 – Acorn worms are deposit or suspension feeders and use proboscis for feeding – Acorn worms have larvae that resemble those seen in echinoderms – 85 known species 21

(현재 존재하는 반삭동물문 장새강의 바 다 동물인 Harrimania planktophilus. 몸길이 32 mm 정도의 관처럼 생긴 벌레 인데 서구권에서는 스파게티 모양이라 고 보는 모양. 왼쪽에 있는 것이 입. Two individuals of Harrimania planktophilus, a modern enteropneust (harrimaniid) worm. Proboscis to the left. Total length of a relaxed and uncoiled animal is approximately 32 mm. (Credit: C. B. Cameron, Université de Montréal. ) Spartobranchus tenuis 의 복원도 Credit: C. B. Cameron, Université de Montréal. ) 22

Invertebrate Chordates • The Phylum Chordata 척삭동물문 is a phylum that contains two invertebrate groups, tunicates 피낭류 and lancelets 창고기류, as well as many other, more familiar animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. • Chordates have several features that are seen at least during some portion of the life. • Lancelets are the only chordates that possess all the features as adults. 23

Invertebrate Chordates • Characteristics of Chordates: – Notochord - nerve cord support – Tubular nerve cord – Muscular pharynx – Gill slits – Post-Anal Tail – Ventral heart 24

http: //ko. wikipedia. org/wiki/%EC%B 2%99%EC%82%AD%EB%8 F%99%EB%AC%BC 26

Invertebrate Chordates • Urochordata 미삭동물아문 tunicates 피낭류 • Characteristics of (sub)Phylum: – Commonly called “sea squirts” 우렁쉥이 because they filter feed via an incurrent siphon 입수관 and “squirt” 바다물총 water out (excurrent siphon 출수관) a siphon after the water has been filtered – Larvae has chordate characteristics that are not seen in adultsonly pharynx remains 올챙이 유생 tadpole larva 새열, 배축 신경 삭, 척상과 항문후방꼬리, 눈 – Called tunicates because of thick outer covering called a tunic – Larvae are free swimming after fertilization occurs in open watermass reproduction – Adults normally live attached to boats, docks, reefs, or other hard substrate; All 3000 known species are marine 27

Figure 7. 51 a 28

Invertebrate Chordates • Cephalochordata 두삭동물아문 • Lancelets 창고기류 • Characteristics of (sub)Phylum: – 23 species – Very small, only up to 3 inches long – Live in shallow marine waters as filter feeders – Body shows segmented muscle tissue – Notochord attached to the muscles – Gills are used to filter food, not in respiration – Possess all chordate features as an adult 32

Figure 7. 54 34

Characteristics of Major Animal Phyla 35