Chapter Menu Lesson 1 Producers and Consumers Lesson

Chapter Menu Lesson 1: Producers and Consumers Lesson 2: Energy in Ecosystems Lesson 3: Matter in Ecosystems Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

13. 1 Producers and Consumers ecology herbivore producer carnivore photosynthesis omnivore consumer decomposer protozoan scavenger

13. 1 Producers and Consumers Ecosystems • An ecosystem includes biotic and abiotic factors. • Ecology is the study of the interactions between living things and their environment.

13. 1 Producers and Consumers Producers • Producers are organisms that use light energy from the Sun or energy from chemical reactions to make their own food. • Only a few types of producers on Earth make food without energy. • Producers use carbon dioxide and water to make sugars, which they use as food.

13. 1 Producers and Consumers Producers (cont. )

13. 1 Producers and Consumers The Sun • Photosynthesis is a process that some producers use to make their own food using light energy.

13. 1 Producers and Consumers Plants • Most green plants are producers. • Plants use light energy, water, and carbon dioxide and make simple sugars. • These sugars are a source of energy and carbon.

13. 1 Producers and Consumers Protists and Bacteria • Some protists are producers, such as algae, dinoflagellates, and euglenas. • Some bacteria, called cyanobacteria, carry out photosynthesis.

13. 1 Producers and Consumers Chemosynthesis • Some bacteria make food using energy from chemical reactions in a process called chemosynthesis. • Some chemosynthetic bacteria live deep in the ocean where sunlight never reaches.

13. 1 Producers and Consumers • Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food. – All animals are consumers because they eat other organisms or their wastes. – Some consumers eat producers, and some eat other consumers. – Some consumers, such as protozoans, are single-celled.

13. 1 Producers and Consumers Types of Consumers • Herbivores are animals that eat only plants. • Carnivores are animals that only eat other animals. • Omnivores are animals that eat other animals and plants.

13. 1 Producers and Consumers Types of Consumers (cont. ) • Scavengers are organisms that eat dead animals. • Decomposers break down dead organisms, and animal droppings, and other wastes produced by living things.

13. 1 Producers and Consumers 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D _____ is the science of the interactions of living things and their environments. A Chemistry B Biology C Ecology D Environmentalism

13. 1 Producers and Consumers 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D What process do some bacteria that are deep in the ocean use and make food? A photosynthesis B chemosynthesis C decomposition D consumption

13. 1 Producers and Consumers 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Which consumer breaks down dead organisms and wastes produced by living things? A decomposers B herbivores C omnivores D scavengers

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems food chain food web primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Through the Ecosystems • Energy moves one way through an ecosystem—from producers to consumers and decomposers. • Organisms do not create or destroy energy; they change it from one form to another.

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems Food as Energy • Energy passes through ecosystems as food.

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems Food Chains • A food chain is an illustration of how energy moves though an ecosystem.

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems Food Webs • An ecosystem contains more than one type of producer, and most organisms eat more than one type of food. • A food web is a more complicated model of the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems Food Webs (cont. )

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids • An energy pyramid is a diagram that shows how much energy is available to each type of consumer. – The bottom layer has the most available energy and contains the producers. – The middle layers contain primary consumers and secondary consumers. – The small top layer has the least available energy and contains tertiary consumers.

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids (cont. ) Temperate Deciduous Forest

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids (cont. ) Desert

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids (cont. ) Tropical Rainforest

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems Releasing Thermal Energy • All organisms release some energy in food as thermal energy. • This is why less energy is available with each step up an energy pyramid. How is energy transferred through a community of organisms?

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Which accurately represents the flow of energy in an ecosystem? A food chain B food pyramid C food web D energy pyramid

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D What does the bottom layer of an energy pyramid represent? A primary consumers B producers C tertiary consumers D herbivores

13. 2 Energy in Ecosystems 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D The energy in an energy pyramid is dependent on the number of _____ in an ecosystem. A producers B tertiary consumers C primary consumers D secondary consumers

13. 3 Matter in Ecosystems nitrifying bacteria nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle carbon cycle

13. 3 Matter in Ecosystems Cycles of Matter • The amount of matter—anything that has mass and takes up space—on Earth never changes. • Elements that make up matter cycle among living things and between abiotic and biotic environments.

13. 3 Matter in Ecosystems Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrifying bacteria change atmospheric nitrogen into forms of nitrogen that plants can take up through their roots. • The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and then back to the atmosphere.

Nitrogen Cycle (cont. ) 13. 3 Matter in Ecosystems

13. 3 Matter in Ecosystems Phosphorus Cycle • The phosphorus cycle describes how phosphorus moves from soil to producers and consumers, and back to soil.

13. 3 Matter in Ecosystems The Carbon Cycle • The carbon cycle describes how carbon moves between the living and nonliving environments. • Carbon is the key element in sugars, proteins, starches, and many other compounds that make up living things.

The Carbon Cycle (cont. ) 13. 3 Matter in Ecosystems

13. 3 Matter in Ecosystems 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D _____ is anything that has mass and takes up space. A Matter B Carbon C Nitrogen D Phosphorus

13. 3 Matter in Ecosystems 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D What process changes nitrogen into a form that plants can take up through their roots? A photosynthesis B chemosynthesis C nitrogen cycling D carbon cycling

13. 3 Matter in Ecosystems 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Which element is the key element in sugars, proteins, and starches? A nitrogen B phosphorus C oxygen D carbon

Chapter Resources Menu Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Image Bank Science Online Interactive Table Virtual Lab Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Green plants are ____. A consumers B producers C scavengers D decomposers

1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D What are organisms that cannot make their own food called? A producers B algae C consumers D chemosynthetic

1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D What does a food chain show? A how carbon moves through an ecosystem B how consumers move through an ecosystem C how producers move through an ecosystem D how energy moves through an ecosystem

1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D What does an energy pyramid represent? A how much matter is in an ecosystem B how much energy is available in an ecosystem C which consumers eat which producers D the number of species in an ecosystem

1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Most humans are _____. A producers B scavengers C herbivores D omnivores

SCI 5. c 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D What to herbivores eat? A animals B plants C plants and animals D dead matter

SCI 5. c 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Why is the carbon cycle essential to life on Earth? A Carbon is the key element in sugars, proteins, and starches. B Carbon allows sunlight to penetrate Earth’s atmosphere. C Carbon keeps harmful UV rays from entering Earth’s atmosphere. D Carbon is broken down during decomposition of plants and animals.

SCI 5. a 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Which level in an energy pyramid has the least amount of available energy? A bottom layer B first middle layer C second middle layer D top layer

SCI 5. a 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D What do secondary consumers eat? A primary consumers B producers C primary consumers and producers D secondary producers

SCI 5. a 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D What is the main source of energy for most producers? A light B nitrification C chemosynthesis D scavenging

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Interactive Table