CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology 5 e Carole Wade

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Body Rhythms and Mental States © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Understanding biological rhythms Consciousness Awareness of oneself and the environment Biological rhythms Periodic, more or less regular fluctuations in a biological system; may or may not have psychological implications © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Endogenous biological rhythms Endogenous Generated from within Circadian rhythms Once about every 24 hours Example: the sleep-wake cycle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Circadian rhythms 5 • Occur in animals, plants, and people. • Studied by isolating volunteers from time cues. • Regulated by hypothalamus by regulating melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland • Reset by light but not necessary © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Internal desynchronization 5 A state when biological rhythms are not in phase with each other • Circadian rhythms are influenced by changes in routine. Ex. Airplane flights across time zones, Adjusting to new work shifts • Affected by illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs, mealtimes, and daily experiences © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Moods and long-term rhythms 5 Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) A controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring Treatment involves phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent light. Antidepressants may be prescribed as well. Evaluating the frequency of and treatment for SAD is difficult. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Menstrual cycles and mood 5 • PMS and its more severe version Premenstrual dysphoric disorder PMDD • Physical symptoms are common Ex. Cramps, breast tenderness, and water retention • Emotional symptoms are rare Ex. Irritability and depression – However, fewer than 5% of women have symptoms predictably. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Why women overestimate “PMS” 5 They notice depression or irritability when these moods occur premenstrually but overlook times when moods are absent premenstrually. They attribute irritability before menstruation to PMS and irritability at other times to other causes. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Learning objectives: The rhythms of sleep 5. 5 – The stages of sleep 5. 6 – How sleep gets disrupted and the consequences that result 5. 7 – The mental benefits of sleep © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Realms of sleep Stage 1. Feel self drifting on the edge of consciousness Stage 2. Minor noises won’t disturb you; sleep spindles occur Stage 3. Breathing and pulse have slowed down; delta waves occur Stage 4. Deep sleep; most activity is delta waves REM. Increased eye movement, loss of muscle tone, dreaming © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Why do we sleep? The exact function of sleep is unclear, but sleep appears to provide time for the body to carry out important functions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To eliminate waste products from muscles To repair cells To conserve and replenish energy stores To strengthen the immune system To recover abilities lost during the day © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Sleep disorders Sleep deprivation leads to decreases in physical and mental functioning. • Sleep apnea – stop breathing during sleep – 1 in 25 people (mostly overweight men) – Can repeat up to 400 times per night! – Wake up snorting so partner often complains of loud snoring – Most don’t remember awakening © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris 5 • Night terrors – high arousal and physiological symptoms of terror during stage 4 sleep - Heart rate and breathing rate double • REM behavior disorder - A person acts out their dreams because REM-related muscle paralysis does not occur. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER 5 • Insomnia – problems falling or staying Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris asleep – People with insomnia tend to overestimate their lack of sleep – Sleeping pills and alcohol reduce REM sleep • Narcolepsy – uncontrollable sleep attacks – 1 in 2000 people – triggered by strong emotions – lapse into REM sleep with accompany muscular paralysis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris 5 • Other interesting sleep disorders – – Klein-Levin syndrome – sleep for days – Sleep-wake disorders – bodies run on 26 or 27 hour clock; fall asleep later each night – Hypnophobia – fear of going to sleep – Hypnalgia – dream pain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Why we sleep? 5 – Evolutionary psychology – sleep protects; better to be safe in cave than vulnerable in dark – Physiological psychology – sleep frees up energy to restore body and brain and allow for growth © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What is your experience? Do you typically remember your dreams? A. Yes B. No © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What is your experience? Have you ever died in a dream? A. Yes B. No © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What is your experience? Do you have a recurring dream? A. Yes B. No © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What is your experience? 5 Have you ever dreamed about doing something impossible (e. g. , flying, playing music even though you can’t)? A. Yes B. No © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What is your experience? Have you ever had a dream in which one person transformed into another? A. Yes B. No © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What is your experience? Do your dreams often contain inconsistencies? A. Yes B. No © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What is your experience? Have you ever dreamed about being attacked or pursued? A. Yes B. No © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What is your experience? Have you ever dreamed about acting violently or hurting another person? A. Yes B. No © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What is your experience? Have you ever dreamed about arriving too late for something important? A. Yes B. No © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER 5 Dreams as unconscious wishes Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Freud concluded that dreams might provide insight into desires, motives, and conflicts of which we are unaware. Manifest content includes aspects of the dream we consciously experience. Latent content includes unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized by the dream. Not everything in dreams is symbolic. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Dreams as reflections of current concerns 5 • Dreams may reflect ongoing conscious issues such as concerns over relationships, work, sex, or health. • Dreams are more likely to contain material related to a person’s current concerns than chance would predict. • Dreams may provide an opportunity for us to attempt to “solve” problems from our lives. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Dreams as thinking 5 Dreaming is similar to the activity we engage in when we are awake. The difference is that the cerebral cortex is cut off from external stimulation. Predicts that if we were awake, but cut off from external stimulation, our thoughts would have the same hallucinatory quality we experience in dreams! © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Dreams as interpreted brain activity Activation-synthesis theory Dreaming results signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain. At the same time, brain regions that handle logical thought and sensation from the external world are shut down. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Evaluating dream theories Psychoanalytic model Interpretations are often far fetched Problem-focused model Skepticism about the ability to solve problems during sleep Activation-synthesis model Does not explain coherent, story-like dreams or non-REM dreams Cognitive model Some specific claims remain to be tested © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Hypnosis A procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris The nature of hypnosis • Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist. • Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will. • Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis. • Hypnosis doesn’t increase accuracy of memory. • Hypnosis doesn’t produce a literal reexperiencing of long-past events. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris When does hypnosis work? • Hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for medical and psychological purposes. Ex. pain management, quitting smoking © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Theories of hypnosis Dissociation theories 1. Hypnosis is a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of consciousness. 2. During hypnosis, dissociation occurs between an executive control system (probably in the frontal lobes) and other systems of thinking and acting. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Theories of hypnosis Sociocognitive theories 1. Effects of hypnosis result from interaction between social influence of the hypnotist and the beliefs and expectations of the subject. 2. Can explain “alien abduction” and “past-life regression” © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Classifying drugs 5 Psychoactive drug Substance capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior by changing the body’s biochemistry Types Stimulants speed up activity in the CNS. Depressants slow down activity in the CNS. Opiates relieve pain. Psychedelic drugs disrupt normal thought processes. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? Marijuana should be legalized. A. Yes B. No © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? Should nicotine be made illegal? A. Yes B. No © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER 5 Physiology of drug effects Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Psychoactive drugs work by acting on neurotransmitters. They can. . . • Increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters • Prevent the re-absorption of excess neurotransmitters by the cells that release them • Block the effects of neurotransmitters on receiving cells • Bind to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered by a neurotransmitter © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Cocaine’s effect on the brain Blocks the brain’s reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters. Results in over-stimulation of certain brain circuits and a brief euphoric high. When drug wears off, depletion of dopamine may cause user to “crash. ” © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

CHAPTER Invitation to Psychology, 5 e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Psychology of drug effects 5 Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on several factors. • The number of times a person has used a drug • Physical factors such as body weight, metabolism, initial state of emotional arousal, and physical tolerance • Environmental factors such as where and with whom one uses a drug • Mental set or expectations of a drug’s effects and the reasons for taking it © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.