Chapter Introduction Section 1 Taxation Without Representation Section

Chapter Introduction Section 1: Taxation Without Representation Section 2: Building Colonial Unity Section 3: A Call to Arms Section 4: Moving Toward Independence Visual Summary

Taxation Without Representation Essential Question Following the French and Indian War, how did the British government anger the American colonists?

Building Colonial Unity Essential Question How did the colonists react to British policies?

Call to Arms Essential Question What brought about the clash between American colonists and British soldiers at Lexington and Concord?

Moving Toward Independence Essential Question Why did the American colonies choose to declare independence?

Following the French and Indian War, how did the British government anger the American colonists?

Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • revenue • writs of assistance • resolution • effigy • boycott • nonimportation • repeal Academic Vocabulary • prohibit • violate

Reading Guide (cont. ) Key People and Events • Stamp Act • Patrick Henry • Samuel Adams

What do you typically do when you feel you are being treated unfairly? A. Just accept it and say nothing B. Calmly present your grievances to the person treating you unfairly C. Angrily confront the person treating you unfairly A. A B. B C. C

Relations With Britain After the French and Indian War, Great Britain passed laws to protect British interests in the colonies.

Relations With Britain (cont. ) • After the French and Indian War, the British faced the challenge of protecting their interests in the colonies and new territory they now controlled. • With the Proclamation of 1763, the British government set up new provinces and prohibited colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Proclamation of 1763

Relations With Britain (cont. ) • Britain needed new revenue to pay troop expenses, so they issued new taxes on the colonies and began to enforce existing taxes more strictly. • Parliament authorized writs of assistance, which allowed customs officers to enter any location to search for smuggled goods. Pounds and Shillings

Relations With Britain (cont. ) • Parliament also passed the Sugar Act, which lowered the tax on imported molasses but also let officers seize goods from smugglers without going to court. • The colonists believed these British actions violated their rights as English citizens.

What was the purpose of the Sugar Act? A. To raise taxes on imported molasses B. To lower taxes on imported molasses C. To prohibit trade with countries that sold sugar D. To encourage trade with countries that sold sugar A. B. C. D. A B C D

New Taxes As the British government passed new tax laws, resistance by the colonists grew.

New Taxes (cont. ) • In 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which placed a tax on almost all printed material. The colonists opposed this new law. – Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia assembly to pass a resolution declaring it had the exclusive right to tax citizens. – Samuel Adams helped start an organization called the Sons of Liberty to protest the Stamp Act.

New Taxes (cont. ) – Protesters burned effigies representing tax collectors and destroyed houses belonging to royal officials. – In colonial cities, merchants were urged to boycott British and European goods in protest, and thousands of merchants signed nonimportation agreements.

New Taxes (cont. ) • Parliament eventually repealed the Stamp Act but then passed the Declaratory Act, which stated that Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the British colonies in all cases. • In 1767 Parliament passed a set of laws, known as the Townshend Acts, which taxed imported goods.

Which law stated that Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the British colonies “in all cases”? A. Proclamation of 1763 B. Stamp Act C. Declaratory Act D. Townshend Acts A. B. C. D. A B C D

How did the colonists react to British policies?

Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • propaganda • committee of correspondence Academic Vocabulary • occupy • encounter

Reading Guide (cont. ) Key People and Events • Crispus Attucks • Boston Massacre • Tea Act • Boston Tea Party • George III • Coercive Acts

How would you most likely respond to taunting? A. Ignore it B. Cry C. Respond verbally D. Respond violently A. B. C. D. A B C D

Trouble in Boston A violent clash between townspeople and British soldiers in Boston intensified anti-British feeling in the colonies.

Trouble in Boston (cont. ) • Many colonists were angry that the British had passed laws that violated colonial rights and sent an army to occupy colonial cities. • An encounter between Bostonians and British soldiers, who killed five colonists including Crispus Attucks, became known as the Boston Massacre. • Colonial leaders used the killings as propaganda.

Trouble in Boston (cont. ) • Aware of the opposition to its policies, Parliament repealed all the Townshend Acts taxes except the on tea. • Some colonial leaders continued to call for resistance to British rule and revived the Boston committee of correspondence.

Who revived the committee of correspondence? A. Paul Revere B. Crispus Attucks C. Samuel Adams D. King George III A. B. C. D. A B C D

A Crisis Over Tea New British laws restricting colonial rights further enraged the colonists.

A Crisis Over Tea (cont. ) • To save the British East India Company, Parliament passed the Tea Act. • A group of men disguised as Mohawks boarded the British ships at midnight and threw 342 chests of tea overboard in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party

A Crisis Over Tea (cont. ) • King George III passed the Coercive Acts, which: – Closed Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. – Banned certain rights, such as the right to town meetings. – Forced Bostonians to shelter British soldiers in their homes.

A Crisis Over Tea (cont. ) • The colonists called the new laws the Intolerable Acts.

What did the colonists call the new laws passed by the British government? A. The Intolerable Acts B. The Revolutionary Acts C. The Boston Massacre D. The Coercive Acts A. B. C. D. A B C D

What brought about the clash between American colonists and British soldiers at Lexington and Concord?

Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • militia • Loyalist • minutemen • Patriot Academic Vocabulary • approach • volunteer

Reading Guide (cont. ) Key People and Events • Continental Congress • John Adams • John Jay • Richard Henry Lee • George Washington • Paul Revere

Have you ever disagreed with a policy enacted by the government? A. Yes B. No A. A B. B

The Continental Congress Colonial leaders met in Philadelphia to discuss their opposition to British policy.

The Continental Congress (cont. ) • In 1774, delegates from all the colonies except Georgia met to establish a political body to represent American interests and challenge British control. • Delegates to this Continental Congress included: – John Adams – John Jay – Richard Henry Lee

The Continental Congress (cont. ) – Patrick Henry – George Washington • The delegates drafted a statement of grievances calling for the repeal of 13 acts of Parliament. • They also called upon the people to form militias—groups of citizen soldiers. Militias in the Colonies

The purpose of the Continental Congress was to accomplish which of the following tasks? A. Support British rule B. Explore a new continent C. Challenge British control D. Establish a new boycott A. B. C. D. A B C D

The First Battles America’s fight for independence began when British troops clashed with minutemen at Lexington and Concord.

The First Battles (cont. ) • Some colonial soldiers, known as minutemen, boasted they would be ready to fight on a minute’s notice. • Upon hearing that British troops were marching out of Boston, Paul Revere and William Dawes rode to Lexington to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The Battles of Lexington and Concord, 1775

The First Battles (cont. ) • At dawn the redcoats approached Lexington and fought the minutemen. The battle for independence had begun. The Battles of Lexington and Concord, 1775

Where did the first battles of the Revolution take place? A. Boston and New York B. Washington and Philadelphia C. Suffolk and Charlestown D. Lexington and Concord A. B. C. D. A B C D

More Military Action As colonial militias formed and the fighting continued, American loyalties were split.

More Military Action (cont. ) • After Lexington and Concord, the committees of correspondence sent out calls for volunteers to join the militias. • Although the British won the Battle of Bunker Hill, they learned that defeating the Americans on the battlefield would not be quick or easy.

More Military Action (cont. ) • The American Revolution was also a civil war among the colonists. – Those who remained loyal to Great Britain were called Loyalists. – Those who supported the war for independence were called Patriots.

Which of the following shows the correct chronology? A. Bunker Hill, Lexington, Ft. Ticonderoga B. Concord, Yorktown, Lexington A. A B. B C. Yorktown, Lexington, C. C Concord D. Lexington, Ft. Ticonderoga, Bunker. D. Hill. D

Why did the American colonies choose to declare independence?

Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • petition • preamble Academic Vocabulary • debate • status

Reading Guide (cont. ) Key People and Events • Second Continental Congress • Continental Army • Olive Branch Petition • Thomas Paine • Common Sense • Declaration of Independence

Rate your agreement with the following statement: The media influences your opinion about important issues. A. Strongly agree B. Somewhat agree C. Somewhat disagree D. Strongly disagree A. A B. B C. C D. D

Colonial Leaders Emerge When the Second Continental Congress met for the first time, many leaders were not yet ready to call for independence.

Colonial Leaders Emerge (cont. ) • When the Second Continental Congress assembled in 1775, many delegates were not yet prepared to break away from Great Britain. • The Second Continental Congress: – Authorized the printing of money. – Set up a post office run by Benjamin Franklin.

Colonial Leaders Emerge (cont. ) – Established committees to communicate with Native Americans and with other countries. – Created the Continental Army commanded by George Washington. – Sent a petition to King George III called the Olive Branch Petition.

Colonial Leaders Emerge (cont. ) • In January 1776, Thomas Paine published a pamphlet called Common Sense, which called for complete independence from Britain.

Who published a very influential pamphlet called Common Sense? A. Thomas Paine B. George Washington C. Samuel Adams D. Patrick Henry A. A B. B C. C D. D

The Colonies Declare Independence The Declaration of Independence announced the birth of a new nation, committing Americans to a struggle for independence.

The Colonies Declare Independence (cont. ) • After much debate, the Second Continental Congress chose a committee to draft a Declaration of Independence, which was approved on July 4, 1776. • The Declaration has four major sections: – A preamble or introduction – A list of rights the colonists believed they should have

The Colonies Declare Independence (cont. ) – A list of complaints against Britain – A proclamation of their status as a new nation

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? A. Thomas Paine B. George Washington C. Thomas Jefferson D. Patrick Henry A. A B. B C. C D. D

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revenue incoming money

resolution a formal expression of opinion

boycott to refuse to buy items from a particular country; to refuse to use in order to show disapproval or force acceptance of one’s terms

repeal to cancel an act or law

writ of assistance legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

effigy rag figure representing an unpopular individual

nonimportation the act of not importing or using certain goods

prohibit stop; disallow

violate disturb or disregard

propaganda ideas or information designed and spread to influence opinion

committee of correspondence an organization that spread political ideas through the colonies

occupy to control

encounter to come upon; meet

militia a group of civilians trained to fight in emergencies

minutemen companies of civilian soldiers who boasted that they were ready to fight on a minute’s notice

Loyalists American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Patriot American colonist who favored American independence

approach move toward

volunteer willingly step forward

petition a formal request

preamble the introduction to a formal document, especially the Constitution

debate discussion by opposing points of view

status rank or position

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