Chapter Introduction Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion

Chapter Introduction Section 1: Slavery and Western Expansion Section 2: The Crisis Deepens Section 3: The Union Dissolves Visual Summary

What Keeps Nations United? From the days of the Constitutional Convention until the late 1840 s, people in the North and South had made compromises to keep the nation united. That began to change in the 1850 s as the nation expanded westward rapidly and the controversy over slavery in the new territories intensified. • Why do you think Northerners and Southerners became less willing to compromise in the 1850 s? • Was the Civil War inevitable?

Slavery and Western Expansion How did western expansion cause the North and South to confront the issue of slavery?

The Crisis Deepens How did the controversy over slavery break up and create new political parties?

The Union Dissolves What is the final outcome of the national split over the slavery issue?

Big Ideas Struggles for Rights As sectional tensions rose, some Americans openly defied laws they thought were unjust.

Content Vocabulary • popular sovereignty • secession • transcontinental railroad Academic Vocabulary • survival • perception

People and Events to Identify • Wilmot Proviso • Underground Railroad • Free-Soil Party • Harriet Tubman • “Forty-Niners” • Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Compromise of 1850 • Gadsden Purchase • Fugitive Slave Act • Kansas-Nebraska Act

Can you name an issue that seems to divide the country today? A. Yes B. No A. A B. B

The Search for Compromise Continuing disagreements over the westward expansion of slavery increased sectional tensions between the North and South.

The Search for Compromise (cont. ) • In August 1846 Representative David Wilmot proposed an addition to a war appropriations bill. • His amendment, known as the Wilmot Proviso, proposed that any territory the United States gained from Mexico would not permit slavery. • Southerners were enraged and Senator John C. Calhoun prepared a series of resolutions to counter the Proviso, but it never came to a vote.

The Search for Compromise (cont. ) • Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed the idea of popular sovereignty. • With the 1848 election approaching, the Whigs chose Zachary Taylor to run for president. • There were two types of Northern Whigs: Conscience Whigs and Cotton Whigs.

The Search for Compromise (cont. ) • The decision to nominate Taylor convinced many Conscience Whigs to quit the party. • Antislavery Democrats and Conscience Whigs joined members of the abolitionist Liberty Party to form the Free-Soil Party. • Taylor still won the election.

The Search for Compromise (cont. ) • In 1848 gold was discovered in California, and thousands of people headed west, hoping to become rich. • By the end of 1849, more than 80, 000 “Forty-Niners” had arrived to look for gold. • California applied for statehood as a free state. • Southerners did not want to be in the minority as slave states and a few Southern leaders began to talk openly of secession.

The Search for Compromise (cont. ) • Senator Henry Clay tried to find a compromise that would enable California to join the Union. − He offered eight resolutions to solve the crisis. − John C. Calhoun wrote a response, frankly stating that Clay’s compromise would not save the Union.

The Search for Compromise (cont. ) • At first, Congress did not pass Clay’s bill, but Taylor died unexpectedly; Calhoun was dead by the end of the summer. − Vice President Millard Fillmore succeeded Taylor and supported the bill. − Stephen A. Douglas took charge of the effort to resolve the crisis.

The Search for Compromise (cont. ) • All parts of the original proposal passed—the Compromise of 1850 eased tensions over slavery for the time being. The Compromise of 1850

Whose nickname was “The Great Compromiser”? A. John C. Calhoun B. Henry Clay C. Millard Fillmore D. Zachary Taylor A. B. C. D. A B C D

The Fugitive Slave Act Many Northerners opposed the Fugitive Slave Act and vowed to disobey it.

The Fugitive Slave Act (cont. ) • Under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, a person claiming that an African American had escaped from slavery had only to point out that person as a runaway to take him or her into custody. • Newspaper accounts of the unjust seizure of African Americans fueled Northerners’ indignation.

The Fugitive Slave Act (cont. ) • Although the Fugitive Slave Act included heavy fines and prison terms for helping a runaway, whites and free African Americans continued their work with the Underground Railroad. • The most famous of the conductors was Harriet Tubman. Slavery and the Underground Railroad, 1830– 1860

The Fugitive Slave Act (cont. ) • After receiving an account from her sister of the new Fugitive Slave Act that had gone into effect, Harriet Beecher Stowe began writing sketches for a book called Uncle Tom’s Cabin. • Despite Southern outrage, the book eventually sold millions of copies. • It had such a dramatic impact on public opinion that many historians consider it one of the causes of the Civil War.

The words of which writer were used by many activists to justify defying the Fugitive Slave Act? A. Walt Whitman B. Emily Dickinson C. Henry David Thoreau D. Ralph Waldo Emerson A. B. C. D. A B C D

The Kansas-Nebraska Act In the 1850 s the debate over the spread of slavery became increasingly heated and sometimes turned violent.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont. ) • The opening of Oregon and the admission of California to the Union had convinced Americans that a transcontinental railroad should be built to connect the West Coast to the rest of the country. • Many Southerners preferred a southern route from New Orleans for the railroad.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont. ) • In 1853 Mexico accepted $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase, which would allow the railroad to pass through northern Mexico. • Senator Stephen A. Douglas wanted the eastern terminus to be in Chicago but knew that Congress first had to organize the unsettled lands west of Missouri and Iowa.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont. ) • Southern senators made it clear to Douglas that if he wanted Nebraska organized, he needed to work to repeal the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in the new territory.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont. ) • Douglas proposed the following bill: − He would undo the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in the region. − He would also divide the region into two territories—Nebraska (a free state) and Kansas (a slave state).

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont. ) • Despite Northern opposition, the Kansas. Nebraska Act was passed. • “Bleeding Kansas, ” as newspapers dubbed the territory, became the scene of a territorial civil war between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers. “Bleeding Kansas, ” 1855– 1856

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont. ) • Senator Charles Sumner, a fiery abolitionist, delivered a speech accusing pro-slavery senators of forcing Kansas into the ranks of slave states. − He singled out Senator Andrew P. Butler. − Butler’s second cousin, Representative Preston Brooks, beat Sumner savagely with a cane, leaving him severely injured.

By March 1856, Kansas had two governments because of the issue of slavery. A. True B. False A. A B. B

Big Ideas Group Action Due to differing opinions within established parties, Americans forged new political alliances in the 1850 s.

Content Vocabulary • referendum • insurrection Academic Vocabulary • correspondence • formulate

People and Events to Identify • Republican Party • Dred Scott • Lecompton constitution • Freeport Doctrine • John Brown

Can you think of any martyrs in history? A. Yes B. No A. A B. B

The Birth of the Republican Party Continuing disagreements over the expansion of slavery—most notably the Kansas-Nebraska Act—led to the formation of the Republican Party.

The Birth of the Republican Party (cont. ) • Anger over the Kansas-Nebraska Act convinced former Whigs, members of the Free-Soil Party, and a few antislavery Democrats to work together during the congressional elections of 1854. • Their coalition came to be known as the Republican Party. • Eventually, the Republican Party absorbed most Northern Know-Nothings.

The Birth of the Republican Party (cont. ) • Republicans elected John C. Frémont to run in the 1856 presidential campaign; the Democrats nominated James Buchanan; the American Party chose Millard Fillmore. • Buchanan won the election.

The Birth of the Republican Party (cont. ) • The case of Dred Scott v. Sandford went all the way to the Supreme Court. • Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled against Scott because, he claimed, African Americans were not citizens and therefore could not sue in the courts. • This ruling became a political issue that further intensified sectional conflict.

Which political party agreed with Taney’s ruling in the Dred Scott case? A. Democrats B. Republicans C. The American Party A. A B. B C. C

The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas took positions on Kansas and the Dred Scott case that reduced his popularity while Abraham Lincoln gained a reputation within the Republican Party.

The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont. ) • President Buchanan urged Kansas to schedule an election for delegates to a constitutional convention, but antislavery candidates boycotted it, claiming it was rigged. − The resulting constitution legalized slavery in the territory. − Each side held its own referendum.

The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont. ) • The Senate voted to accept the Lecompton constitution, but the House of Representatives blocked it. • Southern leaders in Congress agreed to allow Kansas to hold another referendum, during which they rejected the constitution. • Kansas did not become a state until 1861.

The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont. ) • In 1858 Illinois Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln, a man morally opposed to slavery, to run for the Senate against the Democratic incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas. • During a debate with Lincoln, Douglas tried to avoid the dilemma of slavery by formulating an answer that became known as the Freeport Doctrine.

The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont. ) • Douglas won the election, but Lincoln established his reputation as someone who could argue with force and eloquence.

Which stance did Stephen A. Douglas take on slavery? A. He was an abolitionist. B. He believed it was morally wrong. C. He supported popular sovereignty. D. He believed slavery should be legal in all states. A. B. C. D. A B C D

John Brown’s Raid Abolitionist John Brown planned to free and arm enslaved African Americans to stage a rebellion against slaveholders.

John Brown’s Raid (cont. ) • John Brown was a fervent abolitionist who developed a plan to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, free and arm the enslaved people in the area, and begin an insurrection against the slaveholders. • He was caught and hanged, becoming a martyr to many Northerners.

What did John Brown prophetically predict? A. A peaceful end to slavery B. A bloody battle over slavery C. No end to slavery D. His own death A. B. C. D. A B C D

Big Ideas Struggles for Rights After Lincoln’s election to the presidency, many Southerners placed state loyalty above loyalty to the Union.

Content Vocabulary • martial law Academic Vocabulary • commitment • impose

People and Events to Identify • John C. Breckinridge • John Bell • Fort Sumter • Crittenden’s Compromise • Confederacy • Jefferson Davis

Have you ever felt so strongly about an issue that you would be willing to go to war to defend your ideals? A. Yes B. No A. A B. B

The Election of 1860 The election of Abraham Lincoln led the Southern states to secede from the Union.

The Election of 1860 (cont. ) • In 1860 the debate over slavery in the western territories finally tore the Democratic Party apart. • Some of the delegates chose Stephen A. Douglas to run for president; the rest chose John C. Breckinridge. • A new party, the Constitutional Unionists, chose John Bell as their candidate. The Election of 1860

The Election of 1860 (cont. ) • The Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln, who won the election. • Shortly after Lincoln’s election, the South Carolina state legislature called for a convention. • They unanimously voted for the Ordinance of Secession. The Election of 1860

The Election of 1860 (cont. ) • The states of the Lower South seceded one after another, seizing all federal property in their states. • Only the island strongholds of Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens, as well as a few other islands off the coast of Florida, remained out of Southern hands. Steps to Civil War, 1846– 1860

The Election of 1860 (cont. ) • Many members of Congress still wanted to compromise to avoid civil war, but Lincoln asked congressional Republicans to stand firm, and Crittenden’s Compromise did not pass. • Virginia proposed a peace conference, but none of the secessionist states attended.

The Election of 1860 (cont. ) • Instead, they met in Montgomery, Alabama and declared themselves the Confederate States of America. • They elected Jefferson Davis as president of the Confederacy.

Which issue in 1860 finally tore the Democratic Party apart? A. Slavery in the western territories B. Secession C. Lincoln’s nomination by the Republican Party D. John Brown’s raid A. B. C. D. A B C D

The Civil War Begins The plan to resupply Fort Sumter triggered the beginning of the Civil War.

The Civil War Begins (cont. ) • Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter for 33 hours, wrecking the fort but killing no one, until Anderson and his exhausted men surrendered. • The Civil War had begun. • President Lincoln then called for 75, 000 volunteers to serve in the military for 90 days.

The Civil War Begins (cont. ) • States in the upper South then began to secede. • With the upper South gone, Lincoln was determined to keep the slaveholding border states from seceding. • Lincoln imposed martial law in Baltimore, where mobs had already attacked federal troops. Seceding States, 1860– 1861

The Civil War Begins (cont. ) • Kentucky stayed neutral until September 1861; Kentuckians who supported the Confederacy seceded. • Missouri stayed with the Union. Seceding States, 1860– 1861

Why did Lincoln work so hard to prevent Maryland from seceding? A. He needed those men to help him fight the Confederacy. B. Maryland had important arsenals within its state lines. C. Washington, D. C. would be surrounded by Confederate territory. D. Some of the rivers were strategically important. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Causes of Sectional Tensions • Disagreement continues over the legality, morality, and politics of slavery. • Congressman David Wilmot proposes the Wilmot Proviso to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico. • The concept of popular sovereignty— that local settlers can decide whether their state will be a free state or slave state—is popularized.

Causes of Sectional Tensions • The California Gold Rush leads to Californians applying for statehood as a free state, creating the possibility of more free states than slave states in the Senate. • The Compromise of 1850 leads to the Fugitive Slave Law. • Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852. • The Kansas-Nebraska Act repeals the Missouri Compromise.

Causes of Sectional Tensions • Dred Scott case results in the Supreme Court declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. • John Brown launches a raid on Harpers Ferry, hoping to incite a slave rebellion. • Lincoln wins the presidency in 1860.

Effects of Sectional Tensions • The Free-Soil Party, seeking to stop the spread of slavery into western territories, is formed. • The Republican Party is formed by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, and members of the abolitionist Liberty Party. • Some Northerners actively resist the Fugitive Slave Law and help escaped slaves; the Underground Railroad moves runaway slaves from the South to freedom in Canada. • Violence erupts between proslavery and antislavery settlers in Kansas.

Effects of Sectional Tensions • John Brown and Uncle Tom’s Cabin polarized the North and South. • Missouri Compromise is found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Dred Scott v. Sandford. • John Brown’s raid convinces many Southerners that secession is necessary to keep the South safe. • Lincoln’s election is the final straw. Several Southern states secede from the Union and form the Confederacy.

Effects of Sectional Tensions • Confederates attack Fort Sumter in South Carolina and take it. • Lincoln calls for troops to put down the rebellion; the Civil War begins.

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ANSWER: Yes. —Moving the 36 votes from Taylor’s side to Cass’s side would have reversed the election’s outcome.

popular sovereignty government subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there

secession withdrawal from the Union

transcontinental railroad a railway system extending across the continent

survival the continuation of life or existence

perception the capacity, degree, and accuracy of one’s consciousness, awareness, or comprehension

referendum the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature

insurrection an act of rebellion against the established government

correspondence communication by letters

formulate to prepare or devise according to a systematized statement or formula

martial law the law administered by military forces that is invoked by a government in an emergency

commitment an agreement or pledge to do something in the future

impose to establish authority by force

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