Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 The Structure of the

Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 The Structure of the Solar System Lesson 2 The Inner Planets Lesson 3 The Outer Planets NASA/JPL/USGS Lesson 4 Dwarf Planets and Other Objects Chapter Wrap-Up

What kinds of objects are in the solar system?

What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.

Do you agree or disagree? 1. Astronomers measure distances between space objects using astronomical units. 2. Gravitational force keeps planets in orbit around the Sun. 3. Earth is the only inner planet that has a moon.

Do you agree or disagree? 4. Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system. 5. The outer planets also are called the gas giants. 6. The atmospheres of Saturn and Jupiter are mainly water vapor.

Do you agree or disagree? 7. Asteroids and comets are mainly rock and ice. 8. A meteoroid is a meteor that strikes Earth.

The Structure of the Solar System • How are the inner planets different from the outer planets? • What is an astronomical unit and why is it used? • What is the shape of a planet’s orbit?

The Structure of the Solar System • asteroid • comet • astronomical unit • period of revolution • period of rotation

What is the solar system? • Almost all of the specks of light you can see in the night sky are stars. • A few of the tiny lights are part of our solar system. • Stars are much farther away than objects in our solar system.

Objects in the Solar System The largest object in the solar system is the Sun, a star Science Use an object in space made of gases in which nuclear fusion reactions occur that emit energy Common Use a shape that usually has five or six points around a common center

Objects in the Solar System (cont. ) • Planets orbit the Sun and have nearly spherical shapes. • The mass of a planet must be much larger than the total mass of all other objects whose orbits are close by.

Objects in the Solar System (cont. ) Eight of the objects in the solar system are planets. • Mercury • Jupiter • Venus • Saturn • Earth • Uranus • Mars • Neptune

• Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the inner planets. • The inner planets are mostly solid, rocky material.

• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the outer planets. • The outer planets are mostly ice and gases, such as hydrogen and helium.

Objects in the Solar System (cont. ) Describe how the inner planets differ from the outer planets.

Objects in the Solar System (cont. ) • A dwarf planet is a spherical object that orbits the Sun and is not a moon or another planet. • Dwarf planets are in regions of the solar system where there are many objects orbiting nearby.

Ceres, a dwarf planet, orbits the Sun as planets do.

Objects in the Solar System (cont. ) • Millions of small, rocky objects called asteroids orbit the Sun in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. • Asteroids vary in size and are usually not spherical. • A comet is made of gas, dust, and ice and moves around the Sun in an ovalshaped orbit.

Objects in the Solar System (cont. ) • Distances between objects in the solar system are extremely large. • Astronomers do not use meters or kilometers to describe these distances. • A more convenient unit is used— the astronomical unit (AU). • One AU is Earth’s average distance from the Sun—about 150, 000 km.

It is easier to express very large distances using astronomical units rather than kilometers.

Objects in the Solar System (cont. ) Define what an astronomical unit is and explain why it is used.

The Motion of the Planets • The time it takes an object to travel once around the Sun is its period of revolution. • The time it takes an object to complete one rotation is its period of rotation.

The Motion of the Planets (cont. ) • A planet’s orbit is an ellipse— a stretched-out circle. • Focus points, or foci, determine the shape of the ellipse.

The Motion of the Planets (cont. ) Describe the shape of a planet’s orbit.

• The solar system contains the Sun, the inner planets, the outer planets, the dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets.

• An astronomical unit (AU) is a unit of distance equal to about 150 million km.

• The speeds of the planets change as they move around the Sun in elliptical orbits.

What are most of the specks that you can see in the night sky? A. asteroids B. comets C. planets D. stars

What is a spherical object that orbits the Sun and is not a moon or another planet? A. asteroid B. astronomical unit C. comet D. dwarf planet

Which refers to the time it takes an object to complete one rotation? A. astronomical unit B. focus C. period of revolution D. period of rotation

Do you agree or disagree? 1. Astronomers measure distances between space objects using astronomical units. 2. Gravitational force keeps planets in orbit around the Sun.

The Inner Planets • How are the inner planets similar? • Why is Venus hotter than Mercury? • What kind of atmospheres do the inner planets have?

The Inner Planets • terrestrial planet • greenhouse effect

Planets Made of Rock • Earth and the other inner planets— Mercury, Venus, and Mars—are also called the terrestrial planets. • Like Earth, the other terrestrial planets are made of rock and metallic materials and have a solid outer layer.

Planets Made of Rock (cont. ) terrestrial from Latin terrestris, means “earthly”

The inner planets are roughly similar in size, with Earth being about two and half times larger than Mercury: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington Venus: NASA Earth: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Mars: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems

Mercury is the smallest planet and the planet closest to the Sun.

Mercury • Mercury’s gravity is not strong enough to hold an atmosphere. • Mercury’s temperatures are as high as 450°C on the side toward the Sun and as low as – 170° on the side away from the Sun. • Like all inner planets, Mercury has a core made of iron and nickel.

Mercury (cont. ) How are the inner planets similar?

Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is about the same size as Earth.

Venus • The atmosphere of Venus is about 97 percent carbon dioxide. • The pressure of Venus’s dense atmosphere is 90 times greater than that of Earth’s atmosphere. • A thick layer of acid clouds covers Venus.

Venus (cont. ) • The greenhouse effect occurs when a planet’s atmosphere traps solar energy and causes the surface temperature to increase. • Because of its greenhouse effect, Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system, with an average temperature of about 460°C.

Venus (cont. ) Why is Venus hotter than Mercury?

Earth is the third planet from the Sun.

Earth • A mixture of gases, including water vapor, make up Earth’s atmosphere and produce a greenhouse effect that raises its surface temperature. • A protective atmosphere, moderate surface temperatures, and the presence of liquid water support a variety of life on Earth.

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and is about half the size of Earth.

Mars • Images of Mars show features that might have been made by water, though no evidence of liquid water or life has been found. • The atmosphere of Mars is thin and made of about 95 percent carbon dioxide. • Temperatures on Mars range from about – 125°C at the poles to about 20°C at the equator during the summer.

Mars (cont. ) Describe the atmosphere of each inner planet.

• The terrestrial planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Mercury: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington Venus: NASA Earth: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Mars: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems

• The inner planets all are made of rocks and minerals, but the characteristics of the planets are different. Earth is the only planet with water. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

• The greenhouse effect greatly increases the surface temperature of Venus. NASA

Which planet’s greenhouse effect makes it the hottest planet in the solar system? A. Earth B. Mars C. Mercury D. Venus

Which is the only planet with large bodies of liquid water? A. Earth B. Mars C. Mercury D. Venus

Which planet is the fourth planet from the Sun and about half the size of Earth? A. Mars B. Mercury C. Venus D. none of these

Do you agree or disagree? 3. Earth is the only inner planet that has a moon. 4. Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system.

The Outer Planets • How are the outer planets similar? • What are the outer planets made of?

The Outer Planets • Galilean moons

The Gas Giants • The outer planets, also known as the gas giants, are primarily made of hydrogen and helium. • The outer planets are extremely massive. They apply strong gravitational forces. • The interiors of the outer planets are mainly liquid. • These gas giants generally have gas and liquid layers around a small solid core.

The outer planets are large compared to the inner planets. The size of Earth is shown for reference. Earth: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Jupiter: NASA/JPL/USGS Saturn: NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STSc. I/AURA)Acknowledgment: R. G. French (Wellesley College), J. Cuzzi (NASA/Ames), L. Dones (Sw. RI), and J. Uranus, Neptune: NASA/JPL

The Gas Giants (cont. ) How are the outer planets similar?

• Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. • Jupiter has a diameter 11 times larger than the diameter of Earth.

Jupiter • Jupiter’s atmosphere is about 90 percent hydrogen and 10 percent helium. • The planet itself is about 80 percent hydrogen and 20 percent helium. • Jupiter is a ball of gas swirling around a thick liquid layer that conceals a solid core. Scientists are not certain what makes up the core.

Jupiter (cont. ) Describe what makes up each of Jupiter’s three distinct layers.

Jupiter (cont. ) • Jupiter has at least 63 moons, more than any other planet. • The four largest moons of Jupiter— Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto— are known as the Galilean moons. • The Galilean moons are made of rock and ice.

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun. It rotates rapidly and has horizontal bands of clouds.

Saturn • Saturn is mostly hydrogen and helium. • Saturn has an outer gas layer, a thick layer of liquid hydrogen, and a solid core. • Saturn has seven bands of rings, each containing thousands of narrower ringlets.

Saturn (cont. ) The ice particles in the rings are possibly from a moon that was shattered in a collision with another icy object. Describe what makes up Saturn and its ring system.

Saturn has at least 60 moons. Titan is the only moon in the solar system with a dense atmosphere. Cassini, Rhea, Iapetus, Dione, Tethys: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute

Saturn (cont. ) titan from Green titan, means “member of a mythological race of giants”

NASA/ESA and Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun, with a system of narrow, dark rings and a diameter about four times that of Earth.

Uranus • Uranus has a deep atmosphere composed mostly of hydrogen and helium and a small amount of methane. • Beneath Uranus’s atmosphere is a thick, slushy layer of water, ammonia, and other materials. • Uranus has a tilted axis or rotation that might have been caused by a collision with an Earth-sized object.

Uranus (cont. ) Uranus has at least 27 moons. Identify the substances that make up the atmosphere and the thick slushy layer on Uranus.

Like Uranus, Neptune’s atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium, with a trace of methane. NASA/JPL

Neptune • Neptune’s interior is also like Uranus’s, made of partially frozen water and ammonia with a rock and iron core. • Neptune has at least 13 moons and a faint, dark ring system.

Neptune (cont. ) How does the atmosphere and interior of Neptune compare with that of Uranus?

• All of the outer planets are primarily made of materials that are gases on Earth. Colorful clouds of gas cover Saturn and Jupiter. Earth: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Jupiter: NASA/JPL/USGS Saturn: NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STSc. I/AURA)Acknowledgment: R. G. French (Wellesley College), J. Cuzzi (NASA/Ames), L. Dones (Sw. RI), and J. Uranus, Neptune: NASA/JPL

• Jupiter is the largest outer planet. Its four largest moons are known as the Galilean moons. NASA/JPL/USGS

• Uranus has an unusual tilt, possibly due to a collision with a large object. NASA/ESA and Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona

The outer planets are primarily made of what? A. oxygen B. methane C. hydrogen and helium D. carbon dioxide

What are Jupiter’s Galilean moons made of? A. rock and ice B. hydrogen and helium C. gas D. carbon dioxide

Which planet is the seventh from the Sun and has a system of narrow, dark rings? A. Jupiter B. Neptune C. Saturn D. Uranus

Do you agree or disagree? 5. The outer planets also are called the gas giants. 6. The atmospheres of Saturn and Jupiter are mainly water vapor.

Dwarf Planets and Other Objects • What is a dwarf planet? • What are the characteristics of comets and asteroids? • How does an impact crater form?

Dwarf Planets and Other Objects • meteoroid • meteorite • impact crater

Dwarf Planets According to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a dwarf planet is an object that orbits a star and has enough mass and gravity to pull itself into a spherical shape.

Dwarf Planets (cont. ) • Unlike a planet, a dwarf planet has objects similar in mass orbiting nearby or crossing its orbital path. • Ceres is the smallest dwarf planet with a diameter of about 950 km. • Pluto is so far from the Sun that it takes about 248 years to complete one orbit. • Eris is the largest dwarf planet.

All of the dwarf planets are smaller than Earth’s moon. Pluto: Dr. R. Albrecht, ESA/ESO Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility; NASA Ceres: NASA, ESA, and J. Parker (Southwest Research Institute) Eris: NASA, ESA, and M. Brown (California Institute of Technology)

Dwarf Planets (cont. ) Describe the characteristics of a dwarf planet.

Most asteroids orbit the Sun in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroid: NASA/JPL/JHUAPL Ida: NASA/JPL/USGS Vesta: Ben Zellner (Georgia Southern University), Peter Thomas (Cornell University), NASA/ESA Eros: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio

Asteroids • Asteroids are chunks of rock and ice that never clumped together to form a planet. • Some astronomers think the strength of Jupiter’s gravitational field might have caused the chunks to collide so violently that they broke apart instead of sticking together.

Asteroids (cont. ) Where do the orbits of most asteroids occur?

Comets are mixtures of rock, ice, and dust. Comet: Roger Ressmeyer/Getty Images Wild 2: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Comets • The particles in a comet are loosely held together by the gravitational attractions among the particles. • Comets orbit the Sun in stretched out elliptical orbits. • The solid, inner part of a comet is its nucleus. • As a comet moves closer to the Sun, it heats up and can develop a bright tail.

Comets (cont. ) Describe the characteristics of a comet.

Meteoroids • A meteoroid is a small rocky particle that moves through space. • A meteor is a streak of light in Earth’s atmosphere made by a glowing meteoroid.

Meteoroids (cont. ) • A meteorite is a meteoroid that strikes a planet or a moon. • An impact crater is a round depression formed on the surface of a planet, moon, or other space object by the impact of a meteorite.

Meteoroids (cont. ) What causes an impact crater to form?

• An asteroid, such as Ida, is a chunk of rock and ice that orbits the Sun. NASA/JPL/USGS

• Comets, which are mixture of rock, ice, and dust, orbit the Sun. A comet’s tail is caused by its interaction with the Sun. Roger Ressmeyer/Getty Images • When a large meteorite strikes a planet or moon, it often makes an impact crater.

Which term refers to chunks of rock and ice that never clumped together to form a planet? A. meteoroid B. meteor C. comet D. asteroid

Which is a round depression formed on the surface of a planet, moon, or other space object by the impact of a meteorite? A. coma B. impact crater C. meteor D. meteoroid

Which objects orbit the Sun in stretched out elliptical orbits? A. asteroids B. comets C. meteoroids D. meteors

Do you agree or disagree? 7. Asteroids and comets are mainly rock and ice. 8. A meteoroid is a meteor that strikes Earth.

Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice

Gravity and energy influence the formation of objects in the solar system, including planets, dwarf planets, comets, asteroids, and other small solar system bodies.

Lesson 1: The Structure of the Solar System • The inner planets are made mainly of solid materials. The outer planets, which are larger than the inner planets, have thick gas and liquid layers covering a small solid core. • Astronomers measure vast distances in space in astronomical units; an astronomical unit is about 150 million km. • The speed of each planet changes as it moves along its elliptical orbit around the Sun.

Lesson 2: The Inner Planets • The inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—are made of rock and metallic materials. • The greenhouse effect makes Venus the hottest planet. • Mercury has no atmosphere. The atmospheres of Venus and Mars are almost entirely carbon dioxide. Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases and a small amount of water vapor.

Lesson 3: The Outer Planets • The outer planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune— are primarily made of hydrogen and helium. • Jupiter and Saturn have thick cloud layers, but are mainly liquid hydrogen. Saturn’s rings are largely particles of ice. Uranus and Neptune have thick atmospheres of hydrogen and helium.

Lesson 4: Dwarf Planets and Other Objects • A dwarf planet is an object that orbits a star, has enough mass to pull itself into a spherical shape, and has objects similar in mass orbiting nearby. • An asteroid is a small rocky object that orbits the Sun. Comets are made of rock, ice, and dust and orbit the Sun in highly elliptical paths. • An impact crater is formed by the impact of a meteorite. Roger Ressmeyer/Getty Images

What term refers to the small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter? A. B. C. D. asteroids comets dwarf planets

How many objects in the solar system are classified as planets? A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14

The greenhouse effect occurs when a planet’s atmosphere traps solar energy and causes which of these? A. decrease in surface temperature B. decreased number of plant species C. increase in surface temperature D. increased number of plant species

Which planet has a tilted axis that might have been caused by a collision with an Earth-sized object? A. Jupiter B. Neptune C. Saturn D. Uranus

Which term refers to a small rocky particle that moves through space? A. asteroid B. meteor C. meteorite D. meteoroid

Which term refers to an object made of gas, dust, and ice that moves around the Sun in an oval-shaped orbit? A. asteroid B. comet C. dwarf planet D. star

What is a term used to describe the four planets closest to the Sun? A. dwarf planets B. gas giants C. inner planets D. outer planets

Which planet is fourth from the Sun and about half the size of Earth? A. Mars B. Mercury C. Neptune D. Venus

How many moons does Saturn have? A. 1 B. at least 60 C. less than 4 D. at most 27

Which of these describes a meteoroid that strikes a planet or a moon? A. meteorite B. meteor C. impact crater D. asteroid