Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Ecosystems Lesson 2 Energy

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Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Ecosystems Lesson 2 Energy and Matter Lesson 3 Humans and

Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Ecosystems Lesson 2 Energy and Matter Lesson 3 Humans and Ecosystems Chapter Wrap-Up

How do living things interact with each other and the environment?

How do living things interact with each other and the environment?

What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with

What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.

Do you agree or disagree? 1. In symbiosis, two species cooperate in a way

Do you agree or disagree? 1. In symbiosis, two species cooperate in a way that benefits both species. 2. Overpopulation can be damaging to an ecosystem. 3. Sunlight provides the energy at the base of all food chains on Earth. 4. A detritivore is a type of carnivore.

Do you agree or disagree? 5. Human actions can have unintended effects on the

Do you agree or disagree? 5. Human actions can have unintended effects on the environment. 6. The only job of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency is to enforce environmental laws.

Ecosystems • How can you describe an ecosystem? • In what ways do living

Ecosystems • How can you describe an ecosystem? • In what ways do living organisms interact? • How do population changes affect ecosystems?

Ecosystems • habitat • predation • population • symbiosis • community • carrying capacity

Ecosystems • habitat • predation • population • symbiosis • community • carrying capacity • niche

Abiotic and Biotic Factors • Ecosystems contain all the nonliving and living parts of

Abiotic and Biotic Factors • Ecosystems contain all the nonliving and living parts of the environment in a given area. • The nonliving parts—called abiotic factors—include sunlight, water, soil, and air. • The living or once-living parts of an ecosystem—called biotic factors— include living organisms and the decayed remains of dead organisms.

Abiotic and Biotic Factors (cont. ) How can you describe an ecosystem?

Abiotic and Biotic Factors (cont. ) How can you describe an ecosystem?

Habitats A habitat is the area within an ecosystem that provides the biotic and

Habitats A habitat is the area within an ecosystem that provides the biotic and abiotic factors an organism needs to survive and reproduce.

Populations and Communities • A population is the number of individual organisms of the

Populations and Communities • A population is the number of individual organisms of the same species that live in an ecosystem at the same time. • All the populations living in an area at the same time form a community.

Populations and Communities (cont. ) community from Latin communitatem, means “fellowship”

Populations and Communities (cont. ) community from Latin communitatem, means “fellowship”

Interactions of Living Things • More than one population can live in the same

Interactions of Living Things • More than one population can live in the same habitat because each species has a different way of using the resources. • A niche is the way a species interacts with abiotic and biotic factors to obtain food, find shelter, and fulfill other needs.

Giraffes, kudus, and steenboks have different niches. Each has a different way of using

Giraffes, kudus, and steenboks have different niches. Each has a different way of using the resources.

Interactions of Living Things (cont. ) • A predator is an organism that hunts

Interactions of Living Things (cont. ) • A predator is an organism that hunts and kills other organisms for food. • Prey is an organism caught and eaten by a predator. • Predation is the act of one organism, the predator, feeding on another organism, its prey.

Interactions of Living Things (cont. ) • Symbiosis is a close, long-term relationship between

Interactions of Living Things (cont. ) • Symbiosis is a close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an exchange of food or energy. • The three types of symbiosis are mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

Interactions of Living Things (cont. ) • In mutualism, both species benefit from the

Interactions of Living Things (cont. ) • In mutualism, both species benefit from the relationship. • In commensalism, one species benefits from the relationship and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited. • In parasitism, one species (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed.

Interactions of Living Things (cont. ) What is one way that living things interact?

Interactions of Living Things (cont. ) What is one way that living things interact?

Interactions of Living Things (cont. ) • Organisms that share the same habitat often

Interactions of Living Things (cont. ) • Organisms that share the same habitat often compete for resources. • Competition describes interactions between two or more organisms that need the same resource at the same time.

Population Changes • Populations increase when offspring are produced or when new individuals move

Population Changes • Populations increase when offspring are produced or when new individuals move into a community. • Populations decrease when individuals die or move away.

Population Changes (cont. ) • Changes in the abiotic factors of an ecosystem affect

Population Changes (cont. ) • Changes in the abiotic factors of an ecosystem affect population size. • If a drought reduces plant growth, less food is available for plant eaters, which can lead to a decrease in plant-eater populations.

Population Changes (cont. ) • Interactions between organisms also affect population size. • For

Population Changes (cont. ) • Interactions between organisms also affect population size. • For example, the wolf population can keep increasing until there are no longer enough moose to support it.

Population Changes (cont. ) • Population density is the size of a population compared

Population Changes (cont. ) • Population density is the size of a population compared to the amount of space available. • A high population density can increase competition and make it easier for disease to be transmitted from one individual to another.

Population Changes (cont. ) • There is a limit to resources an ecosystem can

Population Changes (cont. ) • There is a limit to resources an ecosystem can provide. • Carrying capacity is the largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time. • If a population exceeds its carrying capacity the area becomes overpopulated.

Population Changes (cont. ) • If all the members of a population die or

Population Changes (cont. ) • If all the members of a population die or move away from an area, that population becomes extinct. • If all populations of a species disappear from Earth, the entire species becomes extinct.

Population Changes (cont. ) How do population changes affect ecosystems?

Population Changes (cont. ) How do population changes affect ecosystems?

 • Ecosystems are all the living and nonliving things in a given area.

• Ecosystems are all the living and nonliving things in a given area.

 • Species in the same habitat have different niches. • Populations can increase

• Species in the same habitat have different niches. • Populations can increase and decrease.

Which term refers to an organism that hunts and kills other organisms for food?

Which term refers to an organism that hunts and kills other organisms for food? A. niche B. parasite C. predator D. prey

Which term refers to interactions between organisms that need the same resource at the

Which term refers to interactions between organisms that need the same resource at the same time? A. competition B. mutualism C. predation D. symbiosis

Which is the largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can

Which is the largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time? A. carrying capacity B. community C. population density D. symbiosis

Do you agree or disagree? 1. In symbiosis, two species cooperate in a way

Do you agree or disagree? 1. In symbiosis, two species cooperate in a way that benefits both species. 2. Overpopulation can be damaging to an ecosystem.

Energy and Matter • How does energy move through an ecosystem? • How does

Energy and Matter • How does energy move through an ecosystem? • How does matter move through an ecosystem?

Energy and Matter • producer • consumer • detritivore • food web • energy

Energy and Matter • producer • consumer • detritivore • food web • energy pyramid

Food Energy • Producers are organisms that use an outside energy source, such as

Food Energy • Producers are organisms that use an outside energy source, such as the Sun, and produce their own food. • Most producers—green plants, algae, and some kinds of bacteria—make energy-rich compounds through photosynthesis.

Food Energy (cont. ) Some producers make energy-rich compounds through chemosynthesis, a process in

Food Energy (cont. ) Some producers make energy-rich compounds through chemosynthesis, a process in which a chemical such as hydrogen sulfide or methane is used to produce glucose.

Consumers • Organisms that cannot make their own food are consumers. • Consumers obtain

Consumers • Organisms that cannot make their own food are consumers. • Consumers obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms or compounds produced by other organisms.

Consumers (cont. ) consumer Science Use an organism that cannot make its own food

Consumers (cont. ) consumer Science Use an organism that cannot make its own food Common Use a person who uses economic goods

Consumers (cont. ) • Herbivores eat producers and include butterflies, aphids, snails, mice, rabbits,

Consumers (cont. ) • Herbivores eat producers and include butterflies, aphids, snails, mice, rabbits, fruit-eating bats, gorillas, and cows. • Omnivores eat producers and consumers and include corals, crickets, ants, bears, robins, raccoons, and humans.

Consumers (cont. ) • Carnivores eat herbivores, omnivores, and other carnivores and include scorpions,

Consumers (cont. ) • Carnivores eat herbivores, omnivores, and other carnivores and include scorpions, octopuses, sharks, tuna, frogs, insect-eating bats, moles, and owls. • Detritivores consume the bodies of dead organisms and wastes produced by living organisms and include termites, wood lice, and earthworms.

Consumers (cont. ) • Scavengers are detritivores that eat the bodies of animals killed

Consumers (cont. ) • Scavengers are detritivores that eat the bodies of animals killed by carnivores or omnivores. • Examples of scavengers include hyenas, jackals, and vultures.

The Flow of Energy • Once energy from the environment is converted into food

The Flow of Energy • Once energy from the environment is converted into food energy, it can be transferred to other organisms. • In an ecosystem, the food energy is transferred from one organism to another through feeding relationships.

The Flow of Energy (cont. ) A food chain is a simple model that

The Flow of Energy (cont. ) A food chain is a simple model that shows how energy moves from a producer to one or more consumers through feeding relationships.

A food web is a model of energy transfer that can show the food

A food web is a model of energy transfer that can show the food chains in a community are interconnected.

The Flow of Energy (cont. ) How does energy move through an ecosystem?

The Flow of Energy (cont. ) How does energy move through an ecosystem?

 • An energy pyramid is a model that shows the amount of energy

• An energy pyramid is a model that shows the amount of energy available in each link of a food chain. • The loss of energy at each level of an energy pyramid helps explain why there always more producers than carnivores in a community.

Cycling Materials • The law of conservation of matter states that matter cannot be

Cycling Materials • The law of conservation of matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change form. • Matter is recycled through ecosystems, changing form along the way.

Cycling Materials (cont. ) Three of the most important pathways of matter moving through

Cycling Materials (cont. ) Three of the most important pathways of matter moving through an ecosystem are described by the nitrogen cycle, the water cycle, and the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle from Greek kyklos, means “circle or wheel”

Cycling Materials (cont. ) How does matter move through an ecosystem?

Cycling Materials (cont. ) How does matter move through an ecosystem?

The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil into

The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil into the bodies of living organisms and back to the atmosphere.

All the freshwater on Earth’s surface and in the bodies of living organisms is

All the freshwater on Earth’s surface and in the bodies of living organisms is recycled through the water cycle.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle carbon dioxide and oxygen through the ecosystems.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle carbon dioxide and oxygen through the ecosystems.

 • Organisms are classified as producers or consumers.

• Organisms are classified as producers or consumers.

 • Energy is transferred from one organism to another through feeding relationships.

• Energy is transferred from one organism to another through feeding relationships.

 • Matter can be changed into different forms and cycles through ecosystems. It

• Matter can be changed into different forms and cycles through ecosystems. It cannot be destroyed.

Which model of energy transfer shows how the food chains in a community are

Which model of energy transfer shows how the food chains in a community are interconnected? A. energy pyramid B. food web C. nitrogen cycle D. water cycle

Which consumes the bodies of dead organisms and wastes produced by living organisms? A.

Which consumes the bodies of dead organisms and wastes produced by living organisms? A. carnivore B. detritivore C. herbivores D. omnivore

Which term describes organisms that cannot make their own food? A. consumers B. omnivores

Which term describes organisms that cannot make their own food? A. consumers B. omnivores C. producers D. scavengers

Do you agree or disagree? 3. Sunlight provides the energy at the base of

Do you agree or disagree? 3. Sunlight provides the energy at the base of all food chains on Earth. 4. A detritivore is a type of carnivore.

Humans and Ecosystems • In what ways do humans affect ecosystems? • What can

Humans and Ecosystems • In what ways do humans affect ecosystems? • What can humans do to protect ecosystems and their resources?

Humans and Ecosystems • renewable resource • nonrenewable resource • resource depletion

Humans and Ecosystems • renewable resource • nonrenewable resource • resource depletion

Affecting the Environment • All organisms change the environment in some way. • Humans

Affecting the Environment • All organisms change the environment in some way. • Humans change ecosystems by replacing wildlife habitats with buildings, roads, farms, and mines. • Humans’ use of energy resources such as coal and natural gas can create pollutants that affect plant and animal life in the air, the water, and on land.

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) • Renewable resources are resources that can be replenished

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) • Renewable resources are resources that can be replenished by natural processes at least as quickly as they are used. • Nonrenewable resources are natural resources that are used up faster than they can be replaced by natural processes.

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) • Any resource becomes nonrenewable if it is used

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) • Any resource becomes nonrenewable if it is used up faster than it can be replaced. • Resource depletion—the exhaustion of one or more resources in an area— is happening in the United States and throughout the world.

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) depletion from Latin deplere, means “to empty”

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) depletion from Latin deplere, means “to empty”

The water in the Ogallala Aquifer is pumped out faster than it is replaced.

The water in the Ogallala Aquifer is pumped out faster than it is replaced.

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) • The more people can learn about how their

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) • The more people can learn about how their actions affect the environment, the better their ability to make good environmental choices in the future. • The invention of chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, had the unintended consequence of damaging Earth’s ozone layer.

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) Potential further damage to the ozone layer was avoided

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) Potential further damage to the ozone layer was avoided by an international treaty called the Montreal Protocol which phased out CFC use worldwide.

This simulation shows what could have happened to Earth’s ozone layer without the Montreal

This simulation shows what could have happened to Earth’s ozone layer without the Montreal Protocol.

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) In what ways do humans affect ecosystems?

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) In what ways do humans affect ecosystems?

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) • The amount of greenhouse gases emitted by a

Affecting the Environment (cont. ) • The amount of greenhouse gases emitted by a person, an organization, an event, or a product is called its carbon footprint. • An increase in greenhouse gases is contributing to global warming—a rise in Earth’s average surface temperature.

Protecting the World Scientists are working to develop renewable energy resources that can reduce

Protecting the World Scientists are working to develop renewable energy resources that can reduce pollution and people’s dependence on fossil fuels. Visionsof. America/Joe Sohm/Photodisc/Getty Images

Protecting the World (cont. ) • The U. S. government passes laws, enforced by

Protecting the World (cont. ) • The U. S. government passes laws, enforced by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), to help protect the environment. • The EPA also monitors environmental health, looks for ways to reduce human impacts, develops plans for cleaning up polluted areas, and supports environmental research at universities and national laboratories.

Protecting the World (cont. ) The 5 Rs—restore, rethink, reduce, reuse, and recycle—are actions

Protecting the World (cont. ) The 5 Rs—restore, rethink, reduce, reuse, and recycle—are actions everyone can take to help keep the environment healthy and to make sure that future generations of life on Earth have the resources they need to survive.

Protecting the World (cont. ) How can people protect ecosystems and conserve resources?

Protecting the World (cont. ) How can people protect ecosystems and conserve resources?

 • Organisms affect their environment in both positive and negative ways. • Making

• Organisms affect their environment in both positive and negative ways. • Making and enforcing environmental laws can protect the environment from further damage.

 • More industries and people are turning to renewable resources rather than using

• More industries and people are turning to renewable resources rather than using nonrenewable resources. The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. /John Flournoy, photographer

Which had the unintended consequence of damaging Earth’s ozone layer? A. CFCs B. the

Which had the unintended consequence of damaging Earth’s ozone layer? A. CFCs B. the EPA C. the Montreal Protocol D. the Ogalla Aquifer

Which resources are used up faster than they can be replaced by natural processes?

Which resources are used up faster than they can be replaced by natural processes? A. CFCs B. nonrenewable C. renewable D. unlimited

Which term describes the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by a person, an organization,

Which term describes the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by a person, an organization, an event, or a product? A. carbon footprint B. global warming C. ozone layer depletion D. resource depletion

Do you agree or disagree? 5. Human actions can have unintended effects on the

Do you agree or disagree? 5. Human actions can have unintended effects on the environment. 6. The only job of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency is to enforce environmental laws.

Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice

Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice

Organisms interact with each other and the environment around them to obtain food, shelter,

Organisms interact with each other and the environment around them to obtain food, shelter, living space, and other resources needed for life.

Lesson 1: Ecosystems • An ecosystem consists of all the living and nonliving parts

Lesson 1: Ecosystems • An ecosystem consists of all the living and nonliving parts of the environment in a given area and the interactions among them. • Organisms cooperate with, compete with, or feed on one another to obtain the resources they need for survival. • Populations that grow larger than an ecosystem’s carrying capacity are overpopulated. Overpopulation can harm the ecosystem by depleting resources. Extinction—the complete disappearance of a population from a community—can alter the ways in which remaining populations interact.

Lesson 2: Energy and Matter • Energy, usually from the Sun, moves through an

Lesson 2: Energy and Matter • Energy, usually from the Sun, moves through an ecosystem by being transferred from one organism to another. • Matter changes form as it cycles through an ecosystem.

Lesson 3: Humans and Ecosystems • Human actions contribute to loss of habitat for

Lesson 3: Humans and Ecosystems • Human actions contribute to loss of habitat for plants and wildlife, pollution, and climate change. • People can educate themselves about environmental issues; conserve resources by restoring, rethinking, and reducing resource use; reusing instead of replacing; and recycling. The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. /John Flournoy, photographer

Which refers to all the populations living in an ecosystem at the same time?

Which refers to all the populations living in an ecosystem at the same time? A. community B. habitat C. niche D. population density

In which type of symbiosis does one species benefit from the relationship and the

In which type of symbiosis does one species benefit from the relationship and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited? A. commensalism B. competition C. mutualism D. parasitism

Which term refers to organisms that use an outside energy source and make their

Which term refers to organisms that use an outside energy source and make their own food? A. consumers B. detritivores C. herbivores D. producers

Which type of detritivore eats the bodies of animals killed by carnivores or omnivores?

Which type of detritivore eats the bodies of animals killed by carnivores or omnivores? A. herbivore B. omnivore C. producer D. scavenger

Which term describes the exhaustion of one or more resources in an area? A.

Which term describes the exhaustion of one or more resources in an area? A. carbon footprint B. global warming C. renewable resource D. resource depletion

Which is the way a species interacts with abiotic and biotic factors to obtain

Which is the way a species interacts with abiotic and biotic factors to obtain food, find shelter, and fulfill other needs? A. community B. niche C. predation D. symbiosis

Which is a close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an exchange

Which is a close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an exchange of food or energy? A. depletion B. niche C. predation D. symbiosis

In which process is a chemical such as hydrogen sulfide or methane used to

In which process is a chemical such as hydrogen sulfide or methane used to produce glucose? A. photosynthesis B. nitrogen cycle C. chemosynthesis D. cellular respiration

Which consumes the bodies of dead organisms and wastes produced by living organisms? A.

Which consumes the bodies of dead organisms and wastes produced by living organisms? A. carnivores B. detritivores C. herbivores D. omnivores

Which resources can be replenished by natural processes as quickly as they are used?

Which resources can be replenished by natural processes as quickly as they are used? A. CFCs B. fossil fuels C. nonrenewable D. renewable