Chapter Hand Tools 7 Chapter Outcomes Explain how

Chapter Hand Tools 7

Chapter Outcomes • Explain how tools have been developed and relate to how new tools originate • Recall safety knowledge and establish safe practices when using all hand tools • Classify and identify hand tools based on their design and function donatas 1205/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Chapter Outcomes • Select the appropriate hand tools for performing different tasks in agriculture mechanics • Demonstrate safe and proper use of hand tools for common tasks • Summarize the factors to consider when purchasing hand tools • Describe how to properly organize, maintain, and store hand tools Serg 64/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Tool Evolution • Motivation for tool development was satisfying the basic needs of food, shelter, and security • Progression of tool materials – Stone – Copper and bronze – Iron – Steel and steel alloys jps/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Tool Evolution • Six simple machines found in most tools – Inclined plane – Screw – Pulley – Wedge – Lever – Wheel and axle Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

General Tool Safety • Ensure safety of user and coworkers by following safe practices – Wear safety glasses at all times – Use only tools that you have been trained to use – Read and follow safety and maintenance procedures – Keep work areas clean and clutter-free – Ensure adequate lighting and ventilation Ronnachai Palas/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

General Tool Safety • Ensure safety of user and coworkers by following safe practices – Use only tools that are in good condition – Report damaged or broken tools immediately and remove them from service – Clean and store tools properly – Use each tool only for its designed purpose Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Naming and Classification • Hand tools may be named for their design, function, or the inventor • Common tool classification groups include – Concrete and masonry – Electrician’s – Mechanic’s – Metalworking – Plumbing – Woodworking Anteromite/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

SAE Connection Proper Tool Selection and Use • What tools do you use in your SAE? • What tools have you been trained to use in your job or agriculture class? • A clear understanding of the purpose and proper use of each hand tool presented in this chapter will help you to perform your job or SAE activities safely and efficiently Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Tool Categories • • Cutting tools Gripping tools Impact tools Leverage tools Tools for applying torque Extraction tools Cleaning tools Zhekoss/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Cutting Tools • Knives • Handsaws – Crosscut saw – Ripsaw – Hacksaw – Coping saw – Keyhole saw – Backsaw Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Knives • Most basic of cutting tools • Steel blades – Fixed – Folding – Retractable • Utility knives use replaceable, reversible blades nuwatphoto/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Handsaws • Saw teeth are sized and shaped according to the type of material the saw is intended to cut – Series of teeth remove material – Teeth usually angled forward to cut on push stroke – Saws usually cut one direction (forward or backwards stroke) but some cut both justin maresch/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Handsaws • Size of teeth and teeth per inch (TPI) determine cutting ability – Softer materials require fewer TPI (larger teeth) – Harder materials require more TPI (smaller teeth) • Angled teeth are set alternately on either side of the blade resulting in a kerf – A kerf is a cut slot (width of cut) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Crosscut Saws • Crosscut saws have pointed knifelike teeth – Woods saws – Cut lumber across the grain – D-shaped handles attached to steel blade – 16 – 36 long iunewind/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Ripsaws • Ripsaws are similar to crosscut saws – Wood saws – Chisel-shaped teeth – Cut lumber parallel to the grain – D-shaped handles attached to steel blade – 16 – 36 long Coprid/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Hacksaws • Hacksaws are handsaws with replaceable blades held under tension across an adjustable metal frame – Cuts metal, plastic, composites, wood – 1/2” wide blades 14– 32 TPI – 10”– 12” long – Wavy blades increase kerf Phrej/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Coping Saws • Coping saws have lightweight, U-shaped metal frames with thin, narrow blades – Used for cutting shapes in sheet materials or fine woodworking – Blade rotates in frame – Replaceable blades – Can push or pull albund/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Keyhole Saws • Keyhole saws are used to make inside cuts on covering materials, such as paneling and plywood – Tapered steel blade – Typically 8– 12 TPI – Flexible 12”– 5” long Stocksnapper/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Backsaws • A backsaw is a crosscut saw with a stiffening rib on the top of its rectangular blade • Precision tool for cutting very straight lines – Fine woodworking, trim work, furniture making – Small teeth – Thin kerf • Used with miter box as a guide a_v_d/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Using a Handsaw • • • Secure workpiece to a solid surface Mark material with a clear, measured mark Accommodate kerf of blade in measurement Establish guide line with a few pull strokes Limit downward pressure as you begin cutting Cut at an angle with arm close to your body Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Hand-Powered Drills • Drills are cutting tools that use sharpened bits to bore holes in materials – Handle with a mechanical drive that spins a chuck holding the bit • Hand-powered drill types include – Brace and bit – Hand drill – Pin vises – Push drill Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Hand-Powered Drill Bits • Drills use different types and sizes of bits – Auger bit is a coarse screw bit used to cut large, round holes in wood; square shank – Twist bit is similar to auger bit but with round shank; cuts multiple materials Artography/Shutterstock. com; Oleg. Sam/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Brace and Bit • A brace and bit is a drill with an offset frame, two handles, and a chuck for holding a bit – Flat top handle allows free rotation – Usually used with an auger bit pterwort/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Hand Drill • Known as eggbeater drill • Beveled gears turn a chuck when spun by the user • Mostly replaced by power hand drills Thatsaphon Saengnarongrat/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Pin Vises • • • Small handle with a collet tip Holds small drill bits and reamers Used like a screwdriver to drill holes Used very slowly Great precision Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Push Drill • Spiral shank inside a screwdriver-shaped frame • When pushed, the spiral shank rotates to drive a bit • Uses a specific drill bit • Can be reversed Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Using Hand Drills • Mark hole locations with a center punch • Make sure the bits are sharp and the correct type for the material being drilled • Clamp or otherwise secure material so it will not move during the drilling process Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Using Hand Drills • Always apply enough pressure to the back of the drill to keep the cutting edges of the bit engaged and removing material • Use a backing board to keep lumber from splintering as the bit passes through the opposite side • Be prepared for the sudden loss of resistance as the bit completes the hole Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Taps and Dies • Taps and dies are tools used to cut threads along the inside of a hole, or outside of a round stock • Sizes – Unified National Coarse Thread (UNC) – Unified National Fine Thread (UNF) – Metric is different and not interchangeable • Must be used carefully to avoid breaking Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Taps and Dies • A tap is used to cut threads along the inside of a hole Shurik. AK/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Taps and Dies • A die is used to cut threads on the outside of a round stock to form a bolt ekapotfotothai/Shutterstock. com; cristi 180884/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Chisels • A chisel is a cutting tool with a sharpened inclined plane used to remove small pieces of material from a larger stock – May be used by hand alone or with a mallet – Sharpness of the chisel is key Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Wood Chisel • A wood chisel is sharpened at a 25 to 30 angle on one side only, and its effectiveness depends on its sharpness – Usually 3/4”– 1” wide – Multiple shapes and grinds • Gouges are chisels with U-shaped cutting edges that produce a concave cut into the material Rob Stark/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Cold Chisel • The most common cold chisel has a straight edge that is sharpened on both sides near the tip – Metal-cutting chisel – Made with tool-grade steel – Driven with a hammer Wichien Tepsuttinun/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Planes • Planes use a very sharp inclined plane mounted in a stabilizing frame to shave thin slivers from the surfaces of wood – Used to smooth and straighten lumber surfaces – Blade is sharpened on one side only – Held at a 45 angle with sharpened side down Alex Hubenov/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Files and Rasps • Files and rasps are cutting tools used to remove small, controlled amounts of material – Single cut have teeth going in one direction – Double cut have teeth used to cut on push and pull – Used for shaping or smoothing most material Marafona/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Gripping Tools • Hold items securely • Free up hands to work • Provide more holding pressure than hands and feet • Gripping tools include – Vises – Clamps – Pliers Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Vises • A vise is a clamping device mounted to a bench or structure – Uses one stationary jaw and one movable jaw – Used to hold parts for work or pressing parts together • Types include – Mechanic’s vise – Machinist’s vise – Woodworking vise – Pipe vise Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Mechanic’s Vise • Mechanic’s vise has a small anvil which allows hammering operations – Two horizontal jaws – Adjustment screw applies pressure modustollens/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Machinist’s Vise • Machinist’s vise is more precise than a mechanic’s vise – Two horizontal jaws – Adjustment screw applies pressure Taurus-/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Woodworking Vise • Mounted under a bench on the front edge • Wide jaw opening – Jaws are even with the table surface • Wood inserts may be used to ensure that lumber is not damaged ©i. Stock. com/northlightimages Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Pipe Vises • Plumbers use specific vises to hold pipe for fitting – Large yolk with a V-shaped jaw at the top – Jaw is lowered to clamp pipe to base Tawansak/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Clamps • Portable holding tools used to keep pieces and parts together while work is performed – C-clamps – Parallel clamps – Bar clamps – Spring clamps – Magnetic clamps Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

C-Clamps • C-shaped metal frame • Threaded rod through middle • Handle on rod turned to tighten against frame Sashkin/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Parallel Clamps • • • Two threaded rods adjust clamp on both ends Two parallel pieces of hardwood Best used for wood Should always be kept parallel Should not be overtightened Charles Neal/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Bar Clamps • Use two parallel jaws – One jaw connected to the end of a stationary bar – An adjustable jaw slides up and down the bar • Screw adjustment is built into the movable jaw • The bar allows the jaws to be spread apart as needed • 18”– 6 long Natan 86/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Spring Clamps • Spring pressure holds jaws closed • Weak clamping force • Quick and easy to use • Great for quick work • May hold item until a stronger clamp can be installed Yingko/Shutterstock. com; TRINACRIA PHOTO/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Magnetic Clamps • Permanent magnets mounted inside a frame • Stronger clamps are available and may have a switch to activate their grip • Holds ferrous metals together Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Pliers • Hand tools with two levers attached to a fulcrum – Movable jaws are shorter than handles for increased clamping – Allow user to hold, turn, twist, and grab parts • Purpose-built tools with many variations, including – Slip-joint – Lineman’s – Groove-joint – Needle-nose – Cutting – Clamping Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Slip-Joint Pliers • Slip-joint pliers, pliers or combination pliers, have an elongated, figure-eight shaped hole at the fulcrum that allows the pliers to be shifted to two positions – Movable positions allow for gripping varying part sizes – Parallel jaws hold flat stock – Round center for round objects – Bypass notch for cutting wire warat 42/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Lineman’s Pliers • Electrical tool – Long, narrow tapering jaws – Large, square, parallel jaws for clamping • Heavy-duty cutter • Nonadjustable fulcrum dcwcreations/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Groove-Joint Pliers • Often called Channellock® pliers – May also be called tongue-and-groove pliers • Multiple adjustment grooves in fulcrum • Can grip an array of odd-shaped objects Sorapop Udomsri/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Needle-Nose Pliers • Efficient for working in tight places and gripping small pieces – Long, narrow, tapering jaws – Single position at fulcrum – Long reach versions available with extra long handles BW Folsom/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Cutting Pliers • Multiple types – Two sharp blades close against each other – One sharp blade closes against a flat surface – Two sharp blades close past each other • Some need greater force and have compound lever systems Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Cutting Pliers • Diagonal cutters are used for cutting light gauge wire • Bolt cutters, cable cutters, tin snips, and aviation cutters are other types of cutting pliers Deymos. HR/Shutterstock. com; B Yanas/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Clamping or Locking Pliers • Also known as Vise-Grip® pliers – Close and lock into position – Adjustment screw allows for adjustment of clamp gap and pressure – Quick release bar releases clamp – Compound leverage clamp Wittaya Budda/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Impact Tools • Tools designed for striking channel great amounts of energy into a concentrated area – Handle attached to large head – Heads are special shapes and materials – Handles increase leverage, control, and power – May be used to drive punches and chisels Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Claw Hammer • Curved heads focus energy on a small section • Designed to be held at base of the handle • Chief purpose is driving nails • Claw helps remove nails • 10– 24 ounces in weight • Claws can be straight or curved My. Images - Micha/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Metalworking Hammer • A ball-peen hammer is used for shaping metal and driving punches and chisels – One end has a driving head like the claw hammer – Other end is a ball shape for shaping metal (peening) Red. Dax. Luma/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Sledge Hammer • Large hammer usually 3– 10 pounds • Octagonal shape with two flat faces • Used for heavy-duty work TFox. Foto/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Soft-Faced Hammers and Mallets • Used when material may be damaged by regular hammers – Soft material does not damage parts or cause sparks – Faces made from materials such as brass, lead, plastic, wood, rawhide, rubber Yanas/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Soft-Faced Hammers and Mallets • Dead-blow hammers are designed to deliver a single blow and minimize bounce – Head is filled with sand or steel shot Coprid/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Anvils • Anvils are heavy tools used to back up or support work – Hardened steel surface for shaping hot and cold metal – Horn used to shape curved metal – Holes in anvil allow for use of shaping tools – Some may be handheld for shaping sheet metal rozbyshaka/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Career Connection • Farriers are skilled tradespeople who work and shape metal – Make and fit shoes for horses and mules – Trim hooves and provide general horse foot care Sus Pons/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Career Connection Farrier • May complete a training program • Apprenticeships are also common • This job may be a fit for you if you – Enjoy working in a variety of environments – Like working with horses and metals – Like mostly independent work Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Punches • Punches are used to mark locations and create a depression for stabilizing a drill bit – Made from tool steel with a shaped head – Point may be flat, pointed, or angled – Head is beveled to prevent mushrooming Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Punches • Types – Pin punches – Prick punches – Center punches – Automatic punch Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Leverage Tools • Leverage tools are tools specifically for prying objects apart – The correct tool will complete the job with minimal damage to the workpiece • Leverage tools include – Punches – Pry bars Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Tapered Punch • A tapered punch is used for aligning holes in two components – Also called alignment or drift punches – Long, tapered piece of tool steel with a flat head – May have a small hook for prying on one end Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Pry Bars • Pry bars are strong tools designed to handle large amounts of leverage – The more leverage required, the longer and heavier the bar • Crowbars, or wrecking bars, are usually hexagonal and forked on the ends • Flat bars are light-duty prying tools Le Do/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Tools for Applying Torque • Tools that apply torque use leverage to apply twisting forces on an object • Common hand tools used to apply torque include – Wrenches – Screwdrivers Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Wrenches • Wrenches – Made of hardened steel – Use to turn nuts, bolts, and other items – May be adjustable or sized specifically • Types include – Combination wrenches – Socket wrenches – Adjustable wrenches – Pipe wrenches Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Combination Wrenches • Combination wrenches consist of an open-end wrench on one end a box-end wrench on the other end Perutskyi Petro/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Open-End Wrenches • Open-end wrenches are open on both ends – Slip over a bolt or nut with two points of contact – More likely to slip than a box-end wrench – Can be flipped over to change angle of approach aarrows/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Box-End Wrenches • Box-end wrenches are closed on both ends – Same size on both ends – Encase the nut on all sides – May be 6 -pointed or 12 -pointed – Available in SAE and metric sizes Chanwit Ohm/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Socket Wrenches • Socket wrenches are configured like box-end wrenches but fit into ratchet handles – Steel tubes that encase a nut on all sides – May be 6 - or 12 -pointed – Provide more leverage than other wrenches – Can be extended – Direction can be reversed design 56/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Adjustable Wrenches • Adjustable wrenches have a stationary and a movable jaw – Fits SAE and metric nuts – 4” to 24” long koosen/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Pipe Wrenches • Pipe wrenches have one movable and one stationary jaw and are designed to grip and hold or turn pipes – Jaw pivots slightly to engage teeth and improve grip – Tightening engages teeth to workpiece – Hardened jaws have deep ridges – May damage surface Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Tools for Applying Torque • Screwdrivers – One purpose—to turn screws – Handle made of plastic or wood and may be hexagonal or round and rubberized – Lengths vary from very short to long – Shanks of varying length – May have changeable tips – Most are magnetic Kostenko Maxim/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Screwdrivers • Types include – Phillips-head – Slotted tip – Square tip – Star-drive poligrafistka/Shutterstock. com; agolndr/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Nut Drivers • A nut driver resembles a screwdriver with a socket wrench attached to the end – Screwdriver with a 6 -point socket head – Hollow shank to accommodate threaded bolt – Can replace a socket wrench in some instances Lifetime. Stock/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Hex Keys • Hex keys are L-shaped tools designed to fit into a hexagonal recess in the top of a screw – Using short end provides more torque – Using long end provides greater reach Ba. LL Lun. La/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Controlling Torque • Handle design, handle grip, and handle length determine torque applied • Some are intentionally designed short so the hardware cannot be over-torqued • Extending the length of handle with breaker bars is an unsafe practice • Using a torque wrench allows for precisely applied torque on each bolt or nut Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Extractors • Extractors are tools designed to help remove screws or bolts that have broken below the surface • Extractors may be – Tapered – Straight-fluted – Spiral-fluted Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Cleaning Tools • Cleaning tools are used prior to other tasks to provide clean and uniform working surfaces – Used to prepare surface after work for final finish – Perform as safety equipment as they reduce contact with hazardous waste • Types include – Scrapers – Brushes – Brooms Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Scrapers • Scrapers are available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and compositions – Flat plastic or metal blades – May use replaceable razor blades – Used to remove paint, dirt, grease, or other contaminants iceink/Shutterstock. com; STILLFX/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Brushes • Bristle materials and configurations vary – Soft bristles used to clean surfaces – Stiffer bristles used to remove paint or finishes – Wire bristles used to remove rust – File cards used to clean teeth of files – Soft mops clean dust and dirt Robert Wolkaniec/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Brooms • Brooms are used to clean floors and other work areas – Household brooms – Push brooms – Drafting brooms – Whisk brooms • Broom bristles vary in configuration and composition Hurst Photo/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Care and Storage • Hand tools must be maintained and stored properly to ensure proper and safe performance – Keep clean and organized – Oiled as needed – Tools with sharp or precision edges should be stored on their own or with protection • Lined boxes work well and can be locked • Wall hangers and pegboards work well when multiple people will be using the tools Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.