Chapter Five 2 3 MALE CIRCUMCISION 4 Sex

Chapter Five

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MALE CIRCUMCISION 4

Sex Hormones Functions of sex hormones include: Sex hormones are produced from several endocrine glands: 5 Hypothalamus produces hormones that control what the pituitary releases (releasing and inhibiting hormones) Pituitary gland produces LH and FSH Adrenal (cortex) produces androgens Testes produce testosterone Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone

Determined by the fertilizing sperm at the time of conception Conception - combining of 23 pairs of chromosomes Of the 23 pairs, one pair are called sex chromosomes Eggs carry an X sex chromosome Sperm can carry either an X or Y sex chromosome XX provides the blueprint to produce a female; XY provides the blueprint to produce a male (biological sex) 6

Physical changes begins around 8 -13 with breast development and rapid body growth between 9 and 15. The 4 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Menses Days 1 -5 Days 6 -13 Day 14 Days 15 -27 Estrogenic Ovulation phase Progestational 7 phase

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Dysmenorrhea ICramps, cycle bloating, nausea associated with the menstrual Premenstrual Tension (PT) Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) Pharmacological treatment Lifestyle changes to reduce symptoms Limit salt intake Exercise Don’t use alcohol or Eat a nutritious diet Relax 9 tobacco

Begins about 10 or 11 years old Normally occurs 2 years later than girls Physical changes Testicular growth Penis growth Pubic hair growth Voice deepens Increase in height 10

Four phases typically characterize the sexual response cycle: 1. Excitement phase 2. Plateau phase 3. Orgasmic phase Refractory period in males 4. Resolution 11 phase

1: EXCITEMENT PHASE q 10 – 30 seconds after stimuli = vaginal lubrication q Tenting = body of the uterus begins to ascend q Clitoris enlarges & labia minora swell

2: PLATEAU PHASE q Continued tenting q Vaginal walls swell q Upper part of vagina expands

3: ORGASMIC PHASE q Contractions in uterus q Strong muscular contractions in vagina

4: RESOLUTION PHASE If no effective stimuli is present system returns to normal q Uterus lowers q Vagina returns to normal size etc.

1: EXCITEMENT PHASE Vasocongestion causes erection of penis Skin of scrotum tenses and causes testes to elevate

2: PLATEAU PHASE Pre-ejaculatory emission from Cowper’s gland Prostate gland, glans and testes enlarge

3: ORGASMIC PHASE Contractions in penis, urethra, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cause semen to be expelled

4: RESOLUTION PHASE Vasocongestion ebbs System returns to normal

Women Menopause = Ovaries gradually cease functioning Decreasing estrogen levels Increased risk of disease Men Gradual decrease of testosterone Loss of energy/sex drive/stamina 21

Biological conditions affecting women: Vaginitis Vaginismus Endometriosis Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) 50 -75% of PID cases are caused by STDs Biological conditions affecting men: Prostatitis (acute vs. chronic) Testicular cancer Most common in men in their twenties and thirties 22

Common sexual dysfunctions Men – Erectile dysfunction Premature ejaculation Delayed ejaculation Women – orgasmic dysfunction Treatment Physical examination Pharmaceutical Relaxation and massage techniques 23

Gender Roles and Gender Identity Gender Role: Gender Identity: Biological Sex and gender identity don’t always match; may cause a person to question their sexuality Transexuals, transgender, transvestites, etc. 24