Chapter Five 2 3 MALE CIRCUMCISION 4 Sex

Chapter Five

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MALE CIRCUMCISION 4

Sex Hormones Functions of sex hormones include: development of secondary sex characteristics, sperm and egg Sex hormones are produced from several endocrine glands: 5 Hypothalamus produces hormones that control what the pituitary releases (releasing and inhibiting hormones) Pituitary gland produces LH and FSH Adrenal gland produces androgens Testes produce testosterone Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone

Determined by the fertilizing sperm at the time of conception Conception – fusion of egg and sperm; For humans, each carries 23 chromosomes so that the fertilized egg (zygote) carries 46 chromosomes. Eggs carry an X sex chromosome; Sperm carry either an X or Y sex chromosome XX provides the blueprint to produce a female; XY provides the blueprint to produce a male Your sex chromosomes determine your biological sex 6

Physical changes begin around 8 -13 with breast development and rapid body growth between 9 and 15. The 4 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Menses Days 1 -5 Days 6 -13 Day 14 Days 15 -27 Estrogenic Ovulation phase Progestational 7 phase

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Dysmenorrhea Cramps, bloating, & nausea, etc. associated with the menstrual cycle Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)– often occurs 1 or 2 weeks before a woman’s period Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) – more severe than PMS, may require pharmaceutical treatment Lifestyle changes to reduce symptoms of PMS Limit salt intake Exercise Don’t use alcohol or Eat a nutritious diet Relax 9 tobacco

Begins about 10 or 11 years old Normally occurs 2 years later than girls Physical changes Testicular growth Growth of the penis and pubic hair Voice deepens Increase in height Sperm production begins at puberty 10

Four phases typically characterize the sexual response cycle: 1. Excitement phase 2. Plateau phase 3. Orgasmic phase Refractory period in males 4. Resolution 11 phase

1: EXCITEMENT PHASE q 10 – 30 seconds after stimuli = vaginal lubrication q Tenting = body of the uterus begins to ascend q Clitoris enlarges & labia minora swell

2: PLATEAU PHASE q Continued tenting q Vaginal walls swell q Upper part of vagina expands

3: ORGASMIC PHASE q Contractions in uterus q Strong muscular contractions in vagina

4: RESOLUTION PHASE If no effective stimuli is present system returns to normal q Uterus lowers q Vagina returns to normal size etc.

1: EXCITEMENT PHASE Vasocongestion causes erection of penis Skin of scrotum tenses and causes testes to elevate

2: PLATEAU PHASE Pre-ejaculatory emission from Cowper’s gland Prostate gland, glans and testes enlarge

3: ORGASMIC PHASE Contractions in penis, urethra, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cause semen to be expelled The refractory period follows an orgasm and varies based on age

4: RESOLUTION PHASE Vasocongestion ebbs System returns to normal

Women Menopause = Ovaries gradually cease functioning Decreasing estrogen levels Increased risk of disease Men Gradual decrease of testosterone Loss of energy/sex drive/stamina 20

Vaginitis-inflammation of the vagina caused by a variety of things; characterized by discharge, irritation, etc. Vaginismus – powerful contractions of vagina that can prevent penetration of any type Endometriosis- growth of endometrial outside of uterus • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Infection of uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes; 50 -75% of PID are caused by STDs

Prostatitis–inflammation of the prostate Bacterial, viral or STD infections can cause acute prostatitis Testicular cancer Most common in men btwn. Ages of 15 -34

Common sexual dysfunctions Men – Erectile dysfunction -inability to get or keep an erection Premature ejaculation- uncontrolled ejaculation before or shortly after penetration Delayed ejaculation- when it takes a prolonged period of sex for a man to ejaculate; may not be able to ejaculate Women – Orgasmic dysfunction-inability to reach an orgasm Decreased libido- low sex drive Treatment Physical examination Pharmaceuticals Relaxation and massage techniques 23

Gender Roles and Gender Identity Gender Role: societal norms dictating the types of behaviors which are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their actual or perceived sex Gender Identity: personal conception of oneself as male or female Biological Sex and gender identity don’t always match; may cause a person to question their sexuality 24