Chapter Eighteen 1 State and Local Government Copyright

Learning Objectives 2 18. 1 Discuss the relationship of state laws and constitutions to

The U. S. Constitution and the State Governments 3 o Why Are State Constitutions

The State Executive Branch 1 of 2 4 o A Weak Executive o Increasing

The State Executive Branch 2 of 2 55 5 Rick Kern/Marisol Deluna/Getty Images 5

The State Legislature 1 of 2 6 o Legislative Apportionment o Minority Representation o

How an Idea Becomes a Law 77 7 7 A simplified chart showing the

The State Legislature 2 of 3 8 o Ethics and Campaign Finance Reform in

The State Legislature 3 of 3 99 9 Zuma Press Inc. /Alamy 9 Wisconsin

The State Judiciary 10 o Trial Courts o Appellate Courts o Judicial Elections and

A Sample State Court System 11 11 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights

How Local Government Operates 1 of 4 12 o The Legal Existence of Local

How Local Government Operates 2 of 4 13 o Local Governmental Units o Municipalities

Local Governments in the United States 14 Type Number Counties 3, 303 Municipalities (mainly

How Local Government Operates 3 of 4 15 o How Municipalities Are Governed o

How Local Government Operates 4 of 4 16 16 16 Tom Williams/Getty Images 16

Paying for State and Local Government 1 of 3 17 o State and Local

State and Local Expenditures 18 18 18 State Expenditures Percentage Local Expenditures Welfare (+

Paying for State and Local Government 2 of 3 19 o The Struggle to

State and Local Government Revenues 2014 20 20 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All

Paying for State and Local Government 3 of 3 21 o States Recover from

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Learning Objectives 2 18. 1 Discuss the relationship of state laws and constitutions to the U. S. Constitution and federal law. 18. 2 Discuss the relationship between governors and state legislatures and the powers associated with each. 2 18. 3 Explain why counties, cities, and other units of local government are limited in their power and their autonomy. 18. 4 Describe the most important sources of revenue for states and local governments and their biggest expenditures, and contrast them with those of the federal government. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The U. S. Constitution and the State Governments 3 o Why Are State Constitutions So Long? o The Constitutional Convention and the Constitutional Initiative 3 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The State Executive Branch 2 of 2 55 5 Rick Kern/Marisol Deluna/Getty Images 5 Betsy Price won her third term as mayor of Fort Worth, Texas, in 2015. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The State Legislature 1 of 2 6 o Legislative Apportionment o Minority Representation o Political Gerrymandering 6 o Term Limits for State Legislators o Found in 15 states Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

How an Idea Becomes a Law 77 7 7 A simplified chart showing the route a bill takes through the Florida legislature. Bills may originate in either house. This bill originated in the House of Representatives. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The State Legislature 2 of 3 8 o Ethics and Campaign Finance Reform in the States o Direct Democracy: The Initiative, Referendum, 8 and Recall o The Initiative o The Referendum o The Recall Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The State Legislature 3 of 3 99 9 Zuma Press Inc. /Alamy 9 Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker talks with the media on the night before he successfully retained his office in a recall election. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

How Local Government Operates 1 of 4 12 o The Legal Existence of Local Government o Dillon’s Rule o Cooley’s Rule o Municipal home rule 12 o Home rule city o General law city Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

How Local Government Operates 2 of 4 13 o Local Governmental Units o Municipalities o Counties o Towns and Townships 13 o New England town o Special Districts and School Districts o Consolidation of Governments o Council of governments Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Local Governments in the United States 14 Type Number Counties 3, 303 Municipalities (mainly 14 cities and towns) 19, 519 Townships (less extensive powers) 16, 630 Special districts 38, 266 School districts 12, 880 TOTAL 90, 056 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

How Local Government Operates 3 of 4 15 o How Municipalities Are Governed o o The Commission Plan The Council-Manager Plan The Mayor-Administrator 15 Plan The Mayor-Council Plan o Machine versus Reform in City Politics Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

How Local Government Operates 4 of 4 16 16 16 Tom Williams/Getty Images 16 Michael Ciaravino (on the far right), the city manager of Newburgh, New York, discusses a potential development with businessmen and other local officials. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Paying for State and Local Government 1 of 3 17 o State and Local Government Expenditures o State and Local Government Revenues o General sales tax o Property tax 17 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

State and Local Expenditures 18 18 18 State Expenditures Percentage Local Expenditures Welfare (+ Medicaid) 25 Education 37 Education 30 Welfare 3 Employee retirement 10 10 Highways 6 Protection (fire and police) Government administration 3 Transportation 5 4 Health care 7 Government administration Protection (police, fire, prisons) 3 Health care 8 Pensions 2 Interest on debt 4 Other 15 Other 27 18 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Percentage

Paying for State and Local Government 2 of 3 19 o The Struggle to Balance State Budgets o Getting into Trouble: Borrowing Too Much o Getting into Trouble: Poor Productivity o Getting into Trouble: Health-Care Costs 19 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.