Chapter 9 Urban Geography intro Urban morphology how

Chapter 9 Urban Geography

intro • Urban morphology- how a city is physically built and how it is laid out across space – Berlin was a laid out as a split city between physical walls

Why did people start living in cities? • City- a grouping people and buildings that facilitate politics, culture, and economics – Majority of people live in cities or urban areas – Urbanization is not happening at the same speed (happens faster in modern cities)

Hunting and gathering • Agriculture village- whole area was involved in agriculture and produced enough to live on – First Agriculture hearth in SW Asia (Iran/Fertile crescent) and then India and Mexico

City formation • Agriculture surplus- enough food left over to create food to trade • Social stratification- where some people emerge in a higher class than others • Leadership class- urban elite , control over resources and people – Writing helped est. rules

First Urban Revolution • Occurred in 5 different hearths (independent invention) – Mesopotamia – Nile River – Indus River Valley – Huang He and Wei river Valleys – Mesoamerica • Cities the center of religion, power, and trade

Greek cities • 500 BCE; at its height 500 cities with Athens the center • Every city had an acropolis (high point) and an agora (public market) • Great influence of Roman and later American cities

Roman cities • Largest system up to that point with Rome the capital • Created a road network • Adopted the Greek grid road formation • Forum the focal point

• Middle ages had little urban growth in Europe, but major growth in Asia with the silk road; West Africa, and Mexico • Connect all the early Eurasian cities and create the URBAN BANANA a zone from England to Japan • With colonization cities built on coast for mercantilism- trade dominance

Second urban revolution • Industrial revolution of great Britain – Allowed farmers to move to the cities for factory work – European cities built along coal fields and railroads – Cities overcrowded and bad sanitation – America followed a cleaner path – American cities created rust belt in late 1900 s when factories moved to Asia

• Rank size rule- population of a city will be inversely related to its rank in the urban hierarchy 1. 2. 3. 4. • Miami 12 million Tampa 6 million (1/2) Jax 4 million (1/3) Orlando 3 million (1/4) Doesn’t always work…but usually

Where are cities located and why • Trade area (economic reach/economic hinterland)- city and adjacent regions where the city’s influence is dominant (Orlando- Longwood, Winter Springs, Lake Mary…)

Central Place Theory • Predicts how and where the center is of an urban hierarchy – For theory to work must have: flat surface, fertile soil, even population, transport network, no physical barriers – Big city caters to medium cities, medium cities cater to small cities, small cities cater to towns… – Cities are spaced apart for competition

• Each city has an exclusive area of sales • Diagrammed it where each trade area is a hexagon • Conclusion of theory- cities are spaced apart based on population, trade and distance

Central place theory today • Only moderately applicable • Sunbelt Phenomenon- millions of Americans moving North to South and Southwest; Latin American moving North to these areas • New dominant cities emerging- (Atlanta, Phoenix, Dallas)

• Watch supplemental ppoint

How cities are organized • Models of all cities are broken into functional zones/specialized regions – CBD- Central Business District or main downtown with high land value, busy traffic, and buildings – Central city- urban area outside CBD but not in the suburbs, residential city – Suburbanization- process where land outside of the city changes to residential with large expensive homes

American city models • Concentric Zone/Burgess model- divides the city into 5 circular zones and the city grows the circles grow and overlap • Sector/Hoyt model- divided in pie slices and city grows outward from center • Multiple nuclei- CBD is no longer dominant and has many different dominant areas (one for industry, one for residential, one for colleges)

• Urban realms- not a model but an idea that each realm of a city is completely self sufficient with their only edge city or mini CBD

Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) • Combo of sectors and concentric circles • CBD and spine are the main areas of working class and wealthy. Some middle class in zone of maturity • All other areas are different degrees of poor (disamenity the worst)

African City • Three CBDs (colonial, market, transitional) • Neighborhoods divided more on ethnic than money (outer area poorest)

Southeast Asian city (Mc. Gee) • Focal point is the colonial port and commercial zones of foreign investment (Western and alien zones)

Making Cities • Cities suffering from poor moving in due to imaginary pull factors • Leads to overpopulation and creation of shantytowns (unplanned shack towns around the city) • Zoning laws say what property can be used for (residential or business)

Changing neighborhoods • Redlining- banks would identify a “risky” neighborhood and not give them money for improvements (making them worse) • Blockbusting- occurred pre civil rights where realtors would sell a house in a white neighborhood to an African American family and the encourage other whites to move creating white flight

• Commercializationtransforming a downtown to be more appealing with “waterfronts’ (Miami), marketplaces, anything to attract tourist downtown • Multiplier effect- when an employer moves in or out of a city, it effects jobs across the city • Gentrification- people buy old downtown houses or condos and renovate them to draw residents back to CBD (single, retired, alternate lifestyles)

• Tear downs- renovating homes in suburb instead of building new ones (in Winter Park) • Urban sprawl- growth of housing and commercial developments over a large areas of land • New urbanism- idea of creating a walkable self sufficient neighborhood (Celebration) – Creates questions of racism and economic superiority

• Gated communities- fenced in neighborhoods with controlled gates and security – Used to increase housing values and known to reduce crime (case study in Ohio proved this) • Ethnic neighborhoods- most migrants move here from periphery countries – Many participate in the informal economy (not taxed income)

World cities • Cities that are globally strong and control the economy • 10 world cities: London, Paris, NY Tokyo, Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, LA, Milan, Singapore • Primate city- one dominant city of a country (Paris) • London- attempts to slow growth with a greenbelt

• Spaces of consumption: areas for major advertising and product influence (Time Square)