Chapter 9 Thermal acoustic and seismic signals from

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Chapter 9 Thermal, acoustic and seismic signals from pyroclastic density currents and Vulcanian explosions

Chapter 9 Thermal, acoustic and seismic signals from pyroclastic density currents and Vulcanian explosions at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat by D. Delle Donne, M. Ripepe, S. De Angelis, P. D. Cole, G. Lacanna, P. Poggi, and R. Stewart Geological Society, London, Memoirs Volume 39(1): 169 -178 June 2, 2014 © 2014 The Authors

Map with the position of the infrasonic array (MIC 1, MIC 2, MIC 3

Map with the position of the infrasonic array (MIC 1, MIC 2, MIC 3 and MIC 4), thermal camera (FLIR) and seismic-acoustic stations (MBFL and MBGH). D. Delle Donne et al. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2014; 39: 169 -178 © 2014 The Authors

PDC tracking methodology. D. Delle Donne et al. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2014; 39:

PDC tracking methodology. D. Delle Donne et al. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2014; 39: 169 -178 © 2014 The Authors

Six snapshots associated with the PDC that occurred on 10 September 2010 and running

Six snapshots associated with the PDC that occurred on 10 September 2010 and running towards the NE along the collapse scar produced by the 11 February 2010 partial dome collapse, as detected by the FLIR thermal camera (top two rows) and associated 3 D Google Earth view (bottom two rows) after thin plate smoothing spline georeferencing. D. Delle Donne et al. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2014; 39: 169 -178 © 2014 The Authors

Temperature distribution along (a) the horizontal (Hd) and (b) the vertical (Vd) thermal image

Temperature distribution along (a) the horizontal (Hd) and (b) the vertical (Vd) thermal image axes plotted as a function of time. D. Delle Donne et al. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2014; 39: 169 -178 © 2014 The Authors

(a) Thermal-derived velocity time-history of the two PDCs detected in thermal images of Figure

(a) Thermal-derived velocity time-history of the two PDCs detected in thermal images of Figure 9. 3 are compared to (c) the infrasonic back-azimuth of (e) the associated infrasonic record. D. Delle Donne et al. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2014; 39: 169 -178 © 2014 The Authors

Thermal snapshots related to the Vulcanian eruption that occurred on 5 February 2010. D.

Thermal snapshots related to the Vulcanian eruption that occurred on 5 February 2010. D. Delle Donne et al. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2014; 39: 169 -178 © 2014 The Authors

Seismic-, acoustic- and thermal-derived signals associated with the 5 February 2010 Vulcanian eruption. D.

Seismic-, acoustic- and thermal-derived signals associated with the 5 February 2010 Vulcanian eruption. D. Delle Donne et al. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2014; 39: 169 -178 © 2014 The Authors

(a) (top) Raw seismic ground velocity associated with the Vulcanian explosion of 5 February

(a) (top) Raw seismic ground velocity associated with the Vulcanian explosion of 5 February 2010 and recorded at MBGH shows (b) the main spectral energy in the 1– 10 Hz frequency range peaked at 3 Hz. (a) (bottom) Seismic displacement, filtered using a causal (grey line) and noncausal (black line) filter between 0. 03 and 0. 1 Hz, contains a VLP event at 0. 07 Hz, which has the maximum amplitude correlated with the eruption onset and the acoustic positive compressive signal (c) (top) with a frequency of 0. 04 Hz (d, grey line). D. Delle Donne et al. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2014; 39: 169 -178 © 2014 The Authors

(a) Normalized temperature distribution and (b) velocity profile associated with the PDC front produced

(a) Normalized temperature distribution and (b) velocity profile associated with the PDC front produced by the 5 February 2010 Vulcanian explosion. D. Delle Donne et al. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2014; 39: 169 -178 © 2014 The Authors

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