Chapter 9 The Urinary System EhrlichSchroederEhrlichSchroeder Medical Terminology

Chapter 9 The Urinary System Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Related Combining Forms Structure Related Combining Forms Kidneys nephr/o, ren/o Renal pelvis pyel/o Urine ur/o, urin/o Ureters ureter/o Urinary bladder cyst/o Urethra urethr/o Prostate prostat/o Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Functions of the Urinary System • Maintaining homeostasis by: o Proper balance of water, salts, and acids by filtering of blood flowing through the kidneys o Filtering blood to remove urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other waste products o Converting waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys, and excreting them from the body Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Structures of the Urinary System (1 of 2) • • Two kidneys Two ureters One bladder One urethra Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Structures of the Urinary System (2 of 2) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Kidneys (1 of 5) • Located in retroperitoneal space • Filter blood to remove waste products and excess water • Assist with maintenance of fluid level, production of hormones controlling blood pressure, erythrocyte production, and activation of Vitamin D Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Kidneys (2 of 5) • Renal cortex o Outer region o Contains nephrons • Renal medulla o Inner region o Contains urine-collecting tubules Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nephrons (1 of 2) • • • Microscopic functional units Site of urine production using filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Contains glomeruli (clusters of capillaries) Renal artery supplies blood from kidney to nephrons Renal vein carries filtered blood from kidney to bloodstream Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nephrons (2 of 2) • Urine is transported to renal pelvis and collected in preparation for entry into ureters Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Renal Pelvis • Funnel-shaped area surrounded by renal cortex and renal medulla • Site of urine collection before it flows into the ureters Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Ureters (1 of 4) • Two narrow tubes transporting urine from kidneys to bladder, through process of peristalsis • Ureteral orifices allow draining of urine from ureters into the bladder Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urinary Bladder (1 of 6) • Located in anterior portion of pelvic cavity behind pubic symphysis • Muscular reservoir for urine • Lined with rugae allowing for expansion when full, and contraction when empty Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urethra (1 of 7) • Tube extending from bladder to exterior of the body • Urinary sphincters located at either end of urethra controll flow of urine from bladder to urethra, and from urethra to urethral meatus (external opening of the urethra) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urethra (2 of 7) • Female urethra o Approximately 1. 5 inches long o Meatus located between clitoris and vaginal opening o Transports only urine Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urethra (3 of 7) • Male urethra o Approximately 8 inches long o Meatus located at tip of penis o Transports urine and semen o Surrounded by prostate gland Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Excretion of Urine • Known as: o Urination o Voiding o Micturition • Requires coordinated contraction of bladder muscles and relaxation of sphincters Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Medical Specialties Related to the Urinary System • Nephrologist o Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders of kidneys • (nephr: kidney; -ologist: specialist) • Urologist o Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders of urinary system of females and genitourinary system of males • (ur: urine; -ologist: specialist) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Pathology of the Urinary System • Nephropathy o Any disease of the kidney • (nephr/o: kidney; -pathy: disease) • Renal failure o Improper function of one or both kidney(s) o Destruction of nephrons Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Renal Failure (1 of 3) • Azotemia o Elevated BUN due to lack of blood flow to kidneys • Uremia o Toxic condition resulting from renal failure o Urea and other waste products are retained in the blood • (ur: urine; -emia: blood condition) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Renal Failure (2 of 3) • Acute renal failure o Sudden onset of uremia o Fatal if not reversed promptly • Chronic kidney disease o Progressive loss of renal function o Can be life-threatening Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Renal Failure (3 of 3) • End-stage renal disease o Final stage of chronic kidney disease o Fatal unless kidney function replaced by dialysis or kidney transplant Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nephrotic Syndrome (1 of 3) • Nephrotic (nephr/o: kidney; -tic: pertaining to) • Group of conditions when excessive amounts of protein are lost through urine • Edema o Excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues as symptom of nephrotic syndrome or other kidney diseases Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nephrotic Syndrome (2 of 3) • Hyperproteinuria o Abnormally high concentrations of protein in urine • (hyper-: excessive; protein: protein; -uria: urine) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nephrotic Syndrome (3 of 3) • Hypoproteinemia o Abnormally low concentration of protein in the blood o May be associated with hyperproteinuria • (hypo-: deficient or decreased; protein; -emia: blood condition Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Additional Kidney Conditions (1 of 5) • Hydronephrosis o Dilation of one or both kidney(s) due to obstruction resulting in reflux of urine • (hydr/o: water; nephr: kidney; -osis: abnormal condition or disease) • Nephritis o Inflammation of kidney(s) • (nephr: kidney; -itis: inflammation) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Additional Kidney Conditions (2 of 5) • Glomerulonephritis o Inflammation of glomeruli causing erythrocytes and proteins to leak into urine • (glomerul/o: glomeruli; nephr: kidney; -itis: inflammation) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Additional Kidney Conditions (3 of 5) • Nephroptosis o Prolapse of kidney into pelvic area when a person stands • (nephr/o: kidney; -ptosis: droop or sag) • Nephropyosis o Suppuration of kidney • (nephr/o: kidney; py: pus; -osis: abnormal condition or disease) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Additional Kidney Conditions (4 of 5) • Polycystic kidney disease o Genetic disorder o Growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in kidney which replace much of the mass of the kidney o Leads to reduced kidney function and kidney failure • (poly-: many; cyst: cyst; -ic: pertaining to) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Additional Kidney Conditions (5 of 5) • Renal colic o Acute pain in kidney area caused by blockage during passage of kidney stone • Wilms tumor o Malignant tumor of kidney o Occurs in young children Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stones (1 of 3) • A stone also known as calculus • Abnormal mineral deposit formed within the body • Nephrolithiasis o The presence of stones in the kidney • (nephr/o: kidney; -lithiasis: the presence of stones) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stones (2 of 3) • Nephrolith: located in kidney o (nephr/o: kidney; -lith: stone) • Ureterolith: located in ureter o (ureter/o: ureter; -lith: stone) • Cystolith: located in urinary bladder o (cyst/o: bladder; -lith: stone) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stones (3 of 3) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Ureters (2 of 4) • Hydroureter o Distention of ureter with urine due to blockage • (hydr/o: water; -ureter: ureter) • Ureterectasis o Distention of ureter due to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities • (ureter: ureter; -ectasis: enlargement) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Ureters (3 of 4) • Ureterorrhagia o Discharge of blood from the ureter • (ureter/o: ureter; -rrhagia: bleeding) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urinary Bladder (2 of 6) • Cystalgia (cystodynia) o Pain in the bladder • (cyst: bladder; -algia: pain) • Cystocele o Hernia of bladder through vaginal wall • (cyst/o: bladder; cele: hernia) • Interstitial cystitis o Chronic inflammation within bladder walls Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urinary Bladder (3 of 6) • Vesicoureteral reflux o Backward flow of urine into ureters from the bladder • (vesic/o: bladder; ureter: ureter; -al: pertaining to) • Vesicovaginal fistula o Abnormal opening from bladder to vagina allowing constant involuntary flow of urine from bladder to vagina • (vesic/o: bladder; vagin: vagina; -al: pertaining to) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urinary Bladder (4 of 6) • Neurogenic bladder o Caused by interference of normal nerve pathways associated with urination • (neur/o: nerve; -genic: created by) o May cause urinary incontinence o May cause inability to empty bladder Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Prostate Gland (1 of 2) • Benign prostatic hyperplasia o Enlargement of prostate gland o May cause difficulty in urination • Prostatism o Results from compression of urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia • (prostat: prostate gland; -ism: condition of) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Prostate Gland (2 of 2) • Prostate cancer o One of the most common cancers in men o May be asymptomatic or aggressive • Prostatitis o Group of disorders characterized by inflammation of prostate gland Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urethra (4 of 7) • Urethrorrhagia o Bleeding from the urethra • (urethr/o: urethra; -rrhagia: bleeding) • Urethrorrhea o Abnormal discharge from urethra • (urethr/o: urethra; -rrhea: flow or discharge) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urethra (5 of 7) • Urethrostenosis o Narrowing of urethra • (urethr/o: urethra; -stenosis: tightening or narrowing) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Abnormal Urethral Openings (1 of 2) • Epispadias o Congenital abnormality o Male: urethral opening located on upper surface of penis o Female: urethral opening located in region of clitoris Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Abnormal Urethral Openings (2 of 2) • Hypospadias o Congenital abnormality o Male: urethral opening is on ventral surface of penis o Female: urethra opens into the vagina Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Urinary Tract Infections • Cystitis o Inflammation of bladder • (cyst: bladder; -itis: inflammation) • Polynephritis o Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney • (pyel/o: renal pelvis; nephr: kidney) • Urethritis o Inflammation of urethra • (urethr: urethra) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Urination (1 of 4) • Anuria o Absence of urine formation • (an-: without; -uria: urine) • Diuresis o Increased output of urine • (di-: through; -uresis: urination) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Urination (2 of 4) • Dysuria o Difficult, painful urination • (dys-: painful; -uria: urination) • Enuresis o Involuntary discharge of urine • (en-: into; -uresis: urination) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Urination (3 of 4) • Nocturnal enuresis o Urinary incontinence during sleep • Nocturia o Frequent, excessive urination during the night • (noct: night: -uria: urination) • Oliguria o Scant urination • (olig: scanty; -uria: urination) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Urination (4 of 4) • Polyuria o Excessive urination • (poly-: many; -uria: urination) • Urinary hesitancy o Difficulty in starting urinary stream • Urinary retention o Inability to completely empty the bladder Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Incontinence (1 of 2) • Inability to control excretion of urine, feces, or both • Urinary incontinence o Inability to control voiding • Overflow incontinence o Continuous leaking from bladder Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Incontinence (2 of 2) • Stress incontinence o Inability to control voiding under physical stress (running, sneezing, laughing, etc. ) o More common in women • Overactive bladder o Bladder muscles contract involuntarily when bladder is not full enough to indicate need to urinate Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diagnostic Procedures of the Urinary System (1 of 3) • Urinalysis o Determines presence of abnormal elements • (urin: urine; -alysis: a study of the parts) • Bladder ultrasound o Assists with visualization of stones, elevation of bladder by enlarged prostate, or measuring of residual urine Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diagnostic Procedures of the Urinary System (2 of 3) • Urinary catheterization o Insertion of a tube into bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes o Procedure must be performed under sterile conditions • Obtaining sterile specimen, draining urine from bladder, placement of medication into bladder • Cystoscopy o Use of endoscope for visual examination of urinary bladder • (cyst/o: bladder; -scopy: visual examination) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diagnostic Procedures of the Urinary System (3 of 3) • Voiding cystourethrography o Use of fluoroscope to determine flow of urine from bladder and through the urethra • Computed tomography o For evaluation of urinary system • Glomerular filtration rate o Blood test for determination of filtering of blood by the kidneys Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Radiographic Examinations of the Urinary System (1 of 2) • Cystography o X-ray examination of bladder o Requires contrast medium • (cyst/o: bladder; -graphy: the process of creating a picture or record) • Intravenous pyelography o Provides image of kidneys and ureters o Requires contrast medium • (pyel/o: renal pelvis) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Radiographic Examinations of the Urinary System (2 of 2) • KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) o Assists with detection of bowel obstructions and nephroliths o Does not require contrast medium • Retrograde urography o Observes upward flow of urine o Requires contrast medium • (ur/o: urine: -graphy: the process of creating a picture or record) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diagnostic Procedures of the Prostate Gland • Digital rectal examination o Lubricated, gloved finger placed in rectum to palpate prostate gland • Prostate-specific antigen blood test o Screens for prostate cancer Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (1 of 3) • Medications o Diuretics • Increase urine secretion, primarily to rid body of excess water and salt o Antibiotics • Treatment of urinary tract infections o Antispasmodics • Block signals that cause urinary incontinence Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (2 of 3) • Nutritional Interventions o Monitoring of sodium, potassium, protein, and phosphorus in diet Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (3 of 3) • Dialysis • (dia-: complete or through; -lysis: separation) o Removes waste products, and excess water from blood when kidneys do not function properly • Hemodialysis (waste products filtered directly from patient's blood; cleansed blood returned to body through a vein) • Peritoneal dialysis (lining of peritoneal cavity acts as filter to remove waste from the blood) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Kidneys (3 of 5) • Nephrolysis o Surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions • (nephr/o: kidney; -lysis: setting free) • Nephropexy o Surgical fixation of floating kidney • (nephr/o: kidney; -pexy: surgical fixation) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Kidneys (4 of 5) • Nephrostomy o Placement of catheter to maintain opening from pelvis of one or both kidneys to exterior of the body • (nephr: kidney; -ostomy (creating an opening) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Kidneys (5 of 5) • Pyelotomy o Surgical incision into renal pelvis • (pyel: renal pelvis; -otomy: surgical incision) • Renal transplantation o Grafting of donor kidney to replace recipient's failed kidney Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Treatment of Nephroliths • Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy o Breaking of stones into fragments, which are then excreted in urine • (lith/o: stone; -tripsy: to crush) • Percutaneous nephrolithotomy o Surgical removal of nephrolith through small opening in the back • (nephr/o: kidney; lith: stone; -otomy: surgical incision) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Ureters (4 of 4) • Ureterectomy o Surgical removal of a ureter • Ureterorrhaphy o Surgical suturing of a ureter • Ureteroscopy o Treatment for nephrolith lodged in the ureter Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urinary Bladder (5 of 6) • Cystectomy o Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder • Ileal conduit o Use of small piece of intestine to convey urine to ureters and then to abdominal stoma • Cystopexy o Surgical fixation of bladder to abdominal wall Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urinary Bladder (6 of 6) • Cystorrhaphy o Surgical suturing of wound/defect in bladder • Lithotomy o Surgical incision for removal of nephrolith from bladder o Surgical procedure is rarely performed; term now refers to physical examination position for procedures involving pelvis and lower abdomen Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Urinary Catheterization (1 of 2) • Sterile Procedure • Indwelling catheter o Catheter remains inside body for prolonged time o Most common type is Foley catheter • Urethral catheterization o Insertion of catheter through urethra and into the bladder Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Urinary Catheterization (2 of 2) • Suprapubic catheterization o Placement of catheter into bladder through small incision in abdominal wall just above the pubic bone • Intermittent catheter o Inserted as needed several times per day to drain urine from bladder Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urethra (6 of 7) • Meatotomy o Surgical incision in urethral meatus to enlarge opening • (meat: meatus; -otomy: surgical incision) • Urethroplasty o Surgical repair of damage/defect in walls of urethra • (urethr/o: urethra; -plasty: surgical repair) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Urethra (7 of 7) • Urethrotomy o Surgical incision into urethra to relieve stricture • (urethr: urethra; -otomy: surgical incision) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Prostate Treatment (1 of 2) • Ablation o Removal of a body part, or destruction of its function • Prostatectomy o Surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland • (prostat: prostate; -ectomy: surgical removal) Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Prostate Treatment (2 of 2) • Transurethral prostatectomy o Use of resectoscope to remove excess tissue from enlarged prostate gland • Radiation therapy and hormone therapy o Additional treatment for prostate cancer • Watchful waiting o May be prescribed approach due to slow progression of prostate cancer Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Urinary Incontinence Training • Kegel exercises o Exercises to strengthen muscles of pelvic floor • Bladder retraining o Behavioral therapy o Teaches the patient to urinate at a scheduled time and at longer intervals as bladder capacity increases o Assists with reestablishing voluntary bladder control Ehrlich/Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 8 th Edition. © 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.