CHAPTER 9 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA Section 1 The

CHAPTER 9: THE PROGRESSIVE ERA Section 1: The Origins of Progressivism

Protecting Social Welfare Help the poor through community centers, churches, and social services. � YMCA-opened libraries, sponsored classes, and built swimming pools. � Salvation Army-soup kitchens, cared for children, and helped immigrants.

Promoting Moral Improvement Wanted immigrants and poor city dwellers to uplift themselves by improving their personal behavior. Prohibition-the banning of alcohol. � Alcohol is undermining American morals. � Enacted by some cities/states.

Temperance Groups Women’s Christian Temperance Union (1874): Entered saloons and started to sing, pray, and urge owners to stop selling alcohol. � Frances Willard. � Opened schools are immigrants, visited inmates, fought for suffrage. Anti-Saloon League (1895): Close saloons to cure society’s problems. � Dealt with pushback from immigrants who used saloons to cash paychecks and serve meals. � Immigrant customs sometimes including drinking.

Creating Economic Reform Some American favored Socialism. People are upset because big business often received favorable treatment. � Business received favors from government officials. � Politicians could use their economic power to limit competition. Muckraker: Journalists who wrote about corruption in business and public life.

Ida Tarbell Author of History of Standard Oil. Exposed Rockefeller’s methods of eliminating competition and cheating the American people.

Upton Sinclair Author of The Jungle which exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry. “I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach. ”

It’s a jungle out there…

Lincoln Steffens The Shame of Cities is a collection of articles on political corruption.

Jacob Riis How The Other Half Lives. Photographer who took pictures of tenement building and immigrant life.

How the other half lives…

Fostering Efficiency Not all workers could work at the same rate. � Assembly lines helped this somewhat, but people had to work like machines. � There were many injuries and high worker turnover.

Reforming Local Government Commission Government: 1900 Galveston Hurricane. � Expert heads each city department. Council-Manager: 1913 flood in Dayton, OH. � People elect city council to make laws and council appoints a city manager to run city.

Reform Mayors Hazen Pingree (Detroit): Fairer tax structure, lowered fares for public transportation, rooted out corruption, and set up relief for the unemployed. Tom Johnson (Cleveland): Socialist. Disliked private ownership of utilities. Held meetings in tents and invited citizens to attend ask questions.

Robert M. La Follette-Wisconsin “Fighting Bob!” Regulated big business. Drove corporations out of politics. � Fought railroads by taxing them the same as other businesses. � Eventually became a U. S. Senator.

Protecting Working Children worked for lower wages and their small hands made it easier for them to handle smaller equipment � Florence Kelley. � National Child Labor Committee. � Children had to work to help families make it. � Keating-Owen Act (1916): Prohibited transportation of goods produced with child labor across state lines illegal. Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional in 1918. � Mueller v. Oregon: Capped a workday for women at 10 hours.

Efforts to Limit Working Hours Starts started to enact laws to reduce men and women’s working hours for family and health reasons. � Muller v. Oregon (1908): Capped female workday at 10 hours. � Maryland is first state to require employers to pay death benefits in 1902.

Reforming Elections Initiative: A bill originated by the people. Referendum: General vote on a single political question. Usually a yes/no vote. Recall: Voters make elected officials face another election before their terms end. � William U’Ren-Oregon. Direct Primary: Voters choose candidates for office. � Minnesota.

Seventeenth Amendment Direct election of Senators. In other words the people get to elect Senators!!!!!

CHAPTER 9: THE PROGRESSIVE ERA Section 2: Women in Public Life

Women in the Work Force Married middle class women are expected to take care of home and family. By the late 19 th century, only middle and upper class women could afford to do so.

Farm Women “Regular jobs” of Cooking, cleaning, making and laundering clothes. In addition to Raising livestock, plow, plant, and harvest fields.

Women in Industry Better paying jobs in cities. � Manufacturing, offices, stores, and classrooms. � Most jobs required high school diplomas. � 1890 -more female high school graduates than men. � Usually received about half the pay of men.

Domestic Women without formal education or industrial skills often did domestic work such as cleaning for other families.

Women Lead Reform Jumpstarted after the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in NYC. 146 workers died. Women in Higher Education: Many women who had become active in public life attended women’s colleges.

Women and Reform National Association of Colored Women: Managed nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens. Susan B. Anthony: Women’s suffrage. “I would sooner cut off my right hand than ask the ballot for the black man and not for women. ” � In response to Frederick Douglass (former ally) who said voting was “desirable” for women but “vital” for black men. Founded National Women Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

More Women and Reform National American Woman Suffrage Association: Helped win women the right to vote through state campaigns. � Merger of National Woman Suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association. � NWSA-Woman vote through constitutional amendment. � AWSA-Woman vote by state campaign.

A Three Part Strategy for Suffrage 1. Convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote. � Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Idaho. 2. Pursue court cases to test the Fourteenth Amendment. � 1875 -Supreme Court rules women are citizens but said citizenship does not automatically grant the right to vote. 3. Push for a national constitutional amendment to grant women the vote. � Continually voted down.

CHAPTER 9: THE PROGRESSIVE ERA Section 3: Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal

A Rough Riding President NY political bosses wanted Roosevelt to run with Mc. Kinley because they could not control him. Wealthy family. Suffered from asthma as a child. NY State Assembly. NYC Police Commissioner. Assistant Secretary of the Navy-Vice President-President.

The Modern Presidency Youngest President so far (42 years old). Felt government should assume control whenever states proved incapable with dealing with problems. “Bully Pulpit”-Felt he could influence news media and legislation.

Square Deal Progressive reforms of the Roosevelt administration. Designed to protect the common people against big business.

Trustbusting Wanted to stop the ones he felt harmed the public interest. Northern Securities Company had railroad monopoly. Supreme Court broke up the company.

1902 Coal Strike 140, 000 PA coal miners go on strike. � Want 20 percent pay raise, nine hour workday, and right to form a union. Roosevelt intervenes five months later and helped settle the strike after threatening to take over the mines. Both sides met with an arbitrator and settled on 10 percent pay raise and nine hour workday.

Railroad Regulation ICC had little power when it was created and Roosevelt wanted to change this. Elkins Act (1903): Illegal for RR officials to give special rates to favored shippers. Hepburn Act (1906): Gave ICC power to set maximum railroad rates.

Regulating Food and Drugs After Roosevelt read The Jungle he decided to take action. Meat Inspection Act (1906): Cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and federal inspection of meant. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): Halted sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labels.

Conservation Measures Roosevelt protected 148 million acres of forest land. Also 1. 5 million acres of water power sites and 80 million acres of land for mineral and water exploration. Established wildlife sanctuaries and national parks. Roosevelt believed that some land should be developed for the common good and some land should be protected.

Roosevelt and Civil Rights Roosevelt failed to support civil rights with legislation. Sometimes supported individuals instead of laws. � Booker T. Washington was invited to the White House for dinner. Washington accepted segregation and urged blacks to work to improve themselves through vocational training.

NAACP-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Du. Bois and other black leaders held a civil rights conference at Niagara Falls in 1905. NAACP is formed in 1909. Their main goal is equality among the races.

CHAPTER 9: THE PROGRESSIVE ERA Section 4: Progressivism Under Taft

Taft Becomes President Handpicked by Roosevelt to run after Roosevelt agreed not to run again in 1908. Easily defeats William Jennings Bryan.

1908 Presidential Election

More Taft

Taft Stumbles Ended up not pursuing an aggressive Progressive agenda like Roosevelt. � Consolidated rather than expand Roosevelt’s reforms. Hesitated to use the bully pulpit. Busted 90 trusts during his term. In a letter to T. Roosevelt-”When I am addressed as ‘Mr. President, ’ I turn to see whether you are not at my elbow. ”

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Taft promised to lower tariffs during his campaign. � House tried to lower tariffs and Senate tried to increase tariffs. Taft attempted compromise and signed Payne. Aldrich Tariff which raised tariff rates. . . just not enough to protect American businesses. � Progressives felt Tart had abandoned them. � Taft: “The best (tariff) bill the Republican Party ever passed. ”

Disputing Public Lands Taft appointed Richard Ballinger Secretary of the Interior and he promptly removed 1 million acres of land from protection list. � Ballinger was a wealthy lawyer. Taft fired U. S. Forest Service worker Gifford Pinchot after he accused Ballinger of letting money control his judgments.

The Republican Party Splits Taft supported House Speaker Joseph Cannon (Chairman of the House Rules Committee) who decided which bills Congress considers. � Ignored or weakened progressive bills. � Disregarded seniority when filling committee slots. Progressive and “old guard” conservative Republicans split. � Progressives form their own party. People are concerned the cost of living is increasing and they felt Taft was against conservation. Democrats win control of the House of Representative in 1910 for the first time in 18 years.

Bill Moose Party Roosevelt decided to run for President again and promised the government would use its power for the good of the people. Roosevelt is unable to secure the Republican nomination, so progressives start the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party and nominate Teddy.

Bull Moose Party Platform 1. Direct election of Senators. 2. Adoption of all states of the initiative, referendum, and recall. 3. Women suffrage. 4. Workmen’s compensation. 5. Eight Hour workday. 6. Minimum wage for women. 7. Federal law banning child labor. 8. Federal trade commission to regulate business.

Presidential Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson: Democrat. � Small William Howard Taft: Republican. � Big business and free market competition. business but wanted to break up trusts. Theodore Roosevelt: Bull Moose. � Government should regulate big business Eugene Debs: Socialist. � Redistribute everything. wealth and government runs

Presidential Rivals Taft: Roosevelt is a “dangerous egotist. ” Roosevelt: Taft is a “fathead” with the brain of a “guinea pig. ” Wilson: “Don’t interfere when your enemy is destroying himself.

Results/Electoral College Map Republican vote splits, Wilson wins election with 42 percent of the popular vote and 82 percent of electoral vote. Roosevelt received more popular and electoral votes than Taft.

Electoral College Map

CHAPTER 9: THE PROGRESSIVE ERA Section 5: Wilson’s New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson’s Background Son of a Presbyterian minister. Spent youth in South during Civil War and Reconstruction. Lawyer, history professor, president of Princeton, governor of New Jersey.

Wilson’s New Freedom Promises stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs. Attack on the “triple wall of privilege”: trusts, tariffs, and high finance.

Two Key Antitrust Measures Clayton Antitrust Provides further clarification to and strengthens the Sherman Antitrust Act. � Attempts to prohibit certain actions that lead to anticompetitiveness. � Price discrimination, price fixing, unfair business practices. Federal Trade Commission (FTC): Investigate and stop unfair business practices. � Created by Federal Trade Act. � Enforces Clayton Antitrust Act.

A New Tax System Underwood Tariff: Reduced tariff rates by 30 percent. � First time since Civil War. Lower tariffs meant lower revenue for the federal government…

Federal Income Tax-Sixteenth Amendment (1913) Federal graduated income tax. By 1917, federal government was receiving more money on income tax than it had ever gained from tariffs.

Federal Reserve System Wilson wanted a banking system under federal control. Wanted to strengthen banks and control the amount of money in circulation.

Federal Reserve Act Divided the U. S. into 13 districts and established a regional bank in each district. Federal Reserve banks could issue new currency in emergencies and transfer funds to other banks in danger of closing.

Women Win Suffrage-Carrie C. Catt and the National Movement President of National American Woman Suffrage Association. Wanted well educated women to lead the cause. � Reenergized movement. the Tactics include: Hunger strikes, going to jail, and picket lines.

Nineteenth Amendment (1920) Granted women the right to vote. Result of women’s groups and America’s involvement in WWI. � 72 year battle-Seneca Falls Convention was in 1848.

Wilson and Civil Rights Wilson did not do much for civil rights while in office. � Promised during campaign to treat blacks equally and speak out against lynching. Opposed federal anti lynching legislation, Capital and federal offices in D. C. were resegregated, and appointed Segregationist to his cabinet. � Postmaster General Albert Burelson � Treasury Secretary William Mc. Adoo

More Wilson and Civil Rights Wilson met black delegation at the White House led by William Monroe Trotter asked Wilson to stop segregation of government employees… Wilson did not like Trotter’s tone and kicked him and the delegates out of the White House.

Trotter v Wilson Trotter: “Only two years ago, you were heralded as perhaps the second Lincoln, and now the Afro-American leaders who supported you are hounded as false leaders and traitors to the race. What a change segregation has wrought!” � Trotter: Is there a “new freedom” for whites and a “new slavery” for blacks. He also implied to Wilson that blacks would leave the Democratic Party. Wilson: “Your tone, sir, offends me…You have spoiled the whole cause for which you came. ”

The Twilight of Progressivism Wilson says “There’s no chance of progress and reform in an administration in which war plays a principal part. ” Wilson and America’s attention and involvement in World War I led to the end of Progressivism.