Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era 1800 1816 Section

Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era (1800 -1816) Section 3 A Time of Conflict

Americans on Foreign Seas • Sea travel was dangerous in the early 1800 s • Storms and pirates • But Americans depended on trade with foreign nations and had to travel by ship • Ships sailed to China, India, South America, Africa, and along the Mediterranean Sea • Brought back goods • War between France and Britain allowed American ships to benefit from trade

• Pirates from the Barbary Coast states terrorized ships sailing on the Mediterranean • Barbary Coast states of North Africa- Morocco, Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis • Pirates demanded tribute (protection money) from their country’s governments to let their ships pass safely • European countries paid tribute because they felt it was cheaper than going to war with them Barbary Pirates

War With Tripoli • The US also had to pay tribute to the Barbary Coast states • The ruler of Tripoli didn’t think it was enough • 1801 - The ruler asked for more money • Jefferson refused- Tripoli declared war on the US • Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli, but the conflict continued

• 1804 - Pirates seized the warship Philadelphia • The crew was thrown in jail • US Navy Caption, Stephen Decatur & a small group burned the captured ships to prevent the pirates from using it • A British admiral called it the “most bold and daring act of the age” • June 1805 - The War ended and Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute • The US had to pay $60, 000 for the prisoners to be released • Tribute payments did not stop completely until 1815

Freedom of the Seas • 1804 Jefferson reelected • Nation at peace • France and Britain were fighting a war and it threatened American trade • The US was caught in the middle of the war with France and Britain

Neutral Rights Violated • The US had a prosperous trade with both France and Britain • As long as the US stayed neutral, shippers could continue doing business • A nation not involved in the conflict had neutral rights (right to sail the seas and not take sides) • 1805 - Britain and France lost patience with American “neutrality” • Both threatened to search or seize ships trading with their enemy

American Sailors Kidnapped • The British were in desperate need of sailors for their naval war • Many deserted because of living conditions in the British Royal Navy • The British again started impressment • 1000 s of Americans were taken and forced to be in the British Navy

Attack on the Chesapeake • June 1807 British warship The Leopard, stopped the American vessel Chesapeake • The British captain demanded to search the American ship for British deserters • The Chesapeake’s captain refused • The British opened fire, crippled the ship and killed three crew members

• As news spread, Americans reacted with an anti-British fury • Secretary of State, James Madison, called the attack an outrage • Many Americans demanded war against Britain • President Jefferson sought action other than war

Jefferson Leaves Office • Jefferson followed Washington and served only two terms • Republicans chose James Madison as their candidate • The Federalists nominated Charles Pinckney • Madison won 122 to 47

• Cries of war grew louder • 1810 - Congress passed a law permitting direct trade with France or Britain • Depending on which would lift trade restrictions against the US first • Napoleon seized the opportunity and promised to end France’s trade restrictions • France continued to take American ships & sold them for profit • The nation was ready for war, but didn’t know which side to fight War Fever

Frontier Conflicts • Madison received news about problems in the “West”- white settlers started taking Native American land (again) • Some Native Americans renewed their contracts with the British • Others pursued a new strategy • Tecumseh, a powerful Shawnee chief, built a confederacy among Native American nations in the Northwest • Planned to halt white movement into Native American lands

Tecumseh • Tecumseh said the treaties were worthless • “The Great Spirit gave this great island to his red children” • Tecumseh said- “The white people have no right to take the land from the Indians, because the Indians had it first” • Tecumseh’s brother, Tenskwatawa, was known as a prophet • In Indiana, the prophet set up Prophetstown where the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers meet

A Meeting With Harrison • William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory, became alarmed • The Shawnee brothers’ power was growing • Harrison feared they would join with the British • Harrison wrote to Tecumseh and told him that the US had more warriors than all the Indian nations combined • Tecumseh replied to Harrison in person- saying that too much land lives have already been taken

The Battle of Tippecanoe • Tecumseh went south to expand the confederacy • Harrison attacked Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe River • After more than 2 hours, the Prophet’s forces fled in defeat • The Battle of Tippecanoe was declared a glorious victory for the Americans • Harrison’s victory led Tecumseh’s forces to join with the British

War Hawks • Madison faced demands for war against Britain • The most pressure came from a group of young Republicans known as the War Hawks • They wanted war with Britain • The leading War Hawks were Kentucky’s Henry Clay and South Carolina’s John Calhoun • The War Hawks supported increases in military spending and were driven by hunger for land • War Hawks wanted to expand the nations power and nationalism • The Federalists in the Northeast remained strongly opposed to war

Declaring War • Spring 1812 - Madison knew war was inevitable • Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war • Meanwhile, the British had decided to end their policy of search and seizure of American ships • The news did not get across the Atlantic in time • Once set in motion, the war machine could not be stopped

What were the challenges to the nation’s stability during the late 1700 s and early 1800 s?

Why did Tripoli declare war on the United States? A. The United States refused to pay tribute. B. The United States blockaded the coast of Tripoli. C. The United States refused to trade with Tripoli. D. American pirates were boarding trading vessels from Tripoli. A. A B. B C. C D. D

Why did the Embargo Act backfire? A. Because it allowed pirates to take control of the seas. B. Because it caused France and England to make an alliance. A. A C. Because it caused taxes B. B to be raised. C. C D. Because it cut the United States D. D off from trade with other countries.

What was one effect of the Battle of Tippecanoe? A. Many soldiers deserted. B. It diverted much needed funds into the military. C. D. A. A It inspired anti-Native American sentiment among the War Hawks. B. B It drove Chief Tecumseh to make C. C an alliance with the British. D. D

What were the challenges to the nation’s stability during the late 1700 s and early 1800 s? – 1. threats to trade, including the Barbary pirates, seizure of U. S. ships by Britain and France – 2. Tension in the West between settlers and Native Americans – 3. British-Native American alliances