Chapter 9 The Great Depression World War II

Chapter 9 The Great Depression & World War II

Stock Market Speculation ► Bull Market ► Stock Market Crash ► Great Depression

Bull Market ► Market where stock prices are rising.

Stock Market Crash ► October 29, 1929, stock prices fell, and the majority of investors tried to sell all of their investments. A. K. A. Black Tuesday.

Great Depression ► Long period of high unemployment and increased poverty that came as a result of the stock market crash.

Collapse of Farm Economy ► Dust Bowl

Dust Bowl ► Time between 1933 and 1936, when the land between the Dakotas and Texas received little rain. Farmers at this time knew little about stopping soil erosion. Wind picked up and blew the precious topsoil away.

President Hoover’s Administration ► Herbert Hoover ► Hoovervilles

Herbert Hoover ► Elected during a time of prosperity, Hoover received all blame when the economy was thrown into depression.

Hoovervilles ► Communities of tents and shacks that were built outside of cities as a result of the depression.

Roosevelt’s New Deal ► ► ► ► ► Franklin D. Roosevelt New Deal Agricultural Adjustment Act Tennessee Valley Authority Social Securities Act National Labor Relations Act Fair Labor Standards Act Civilian Conservation Corps Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Works Progress Administration

Franklin D. Roosevelt ► Ran for President emphasizing concern for “the forgotten man” and promising “a new deal for the American people. ”

New Deal ► With the help of Congress, Roosevelt instituted a series of federal policies and programs to boost the economy and put unemployed people to work.

Agricultural Adjustment Act ► The government gave loans to farmers and paid farmers not to grow crops so food prices would go up.

Tennessee Valley Authority ► (TVA) Built hydroelectric dams to bring electricity to new parts of the South, including northern Alabama, and to provide employment and cheap electricity.

Social Security Act ► (SSA) Passed in 1935, provided retirement income for all workers once they reached the age of 65.

National Labor Relations Act ► A. K. A. Wagner Act, set up to monitor unfair management practices such as firing a worker who joined a union.

Fair Labor Standards Act ► Raised minimum wage to 40 cents per hour, set maximum working hours at 44 hours per week, and ended child labor under the age of 16.

Civilian Conservation Corps ► (CCC) Provided work for unmarried men between the ages of 17 and 23. These men worked in National Parks.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ► (FDIC) Insures the money you put in a bank up to $100, 000.

Work Progress Administration ► (WPA) Provided jobs for unskilled workers.

Totalitarianism ► Where one political party or group maintains complete control under a dictatorship and bans all others.

Totalitarianism ► Italy ► Japan ► Germany ► The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Italy ► Benito Mussolini was a fascist, he established himself as a dictator in 1922.

Japan ► Baron Tanaka Giichi became Prime Minister and soon after, Japan began occupying Manchuria.

Germany ► As Germany suffered through the Great Depression, its people turned to the Nazi Party for help. The party’s leader, Adolf Hitler, preached a message of racist fascism. He claimed the Aryan (Caucasian people of non – Jewish descent) race was superior and deserved to conquer other nations.

The Union of Soviet Republics ► Led by Joseph Stalin

Rejection of Peace ► Japanese Aggression ► Italian Aggression ► German Aggression

Japanese Aggression ► September 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria.

Italian Aggression ► In 1935 Italy attacked Ethiopia. In 1939, Italy invaded Albania. Italy, Germany, and Japan signed an anti-communist pact, thus forming the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. These nations and their allies were later called the Axis Powers. Opponents of the Axis were called the Allied Powers. At this time, Britain and France were the leading Allied Powers.

German Aggression ► In 1938, Hitler tested his boundaries by annexing Austria to Germany. Hoping to avoid war, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Premier Edouard Daladier entered through a policy of appeasement, giving in to Hitler demands. At the Munich Conference, in 1938, they ignored Stalin’s offer for military aid and agreed to Hitler’s capture of Sudetenland. In exchange, Hitler promised not to invade anywhere else.

The Invasion of Poland – World War II Begins ► Blitzkrieg

Blitzkrieg ► Means “Lightning War. ”

U. S. Involvement ► Neutrality Act ► Ludlow Amendment ► Lend – Lease Act

Neutrality Act ► 1935, gave the President the authority to ban arms sales to warring nations.

Ludlow Amendment ► Required a national vote before the U. S. could declare war.

Lend – Lease Act ► Gave the President the authority to lend, sell, or lease war supplies to countries whose survival was vital to U. S. defense.

Problems in Southeast Asia ► French Indochina ► Tojo Hideki

French Indochina ► In 1940, against strong U. S. opposition, Japan established military bases in French Indochina (now Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos). On September 26, the U. S. declared an embargo on scrap metal, oil, and aviation fuel to Japan.

Tojo Hideki ► In November 1941, Japanese diplomats met with Secretary of State Hull in Washington, D. C. for negotiations, which proved to be unsuccessful. Meanwhile, General Hideki, the new Prime Minister of Japan, was planning a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.

Pearl Harbor ► A few minutes before 8: 00 a. m. on December 7, 1941, Japanese airplanes began bombing at Pearl Harbor. In less than two hours, the Japanese forces sank or seriously damaged eight battleships and 13 other naval vessels, destroyed almost 200 warplanes, and killed or wounded over 3, 000 military personnel. The next day, President Roosevelt called December 7 “a day which will live in infamy. ” With only one opposing vote, both houses of Congress approved a declaration of war against Japan. Suddenly, the U. S. found itself plunged into the middle of World War II.

On the Home front ► Women’s Participation ► Rationing ► War Bonds ► Japanese Internment

Women’s Participation ► More than 200, 000 women served in special units of the Army, Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard. As men left for the front, women took their places in offices and factories.

Rationing ► System which limited the use of certain critical foods and materials. People could not purchase coffee, sugar, meat, rubber, or gasoline without using a government – issued coupon.

War Bonds ► Bonds war. that were used to help finance the

Japanese Internment ► On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, ordering all Japanese Americans away from military facilities. Under this order, the U. S. military forced 110, 000 Japanese Americans from their homes and placed them on federal land, including deserts and swamp, in the nations interior. They were forced to live there for the duration of the war.

The U. S. Joins the Allies ► Tuskegee Airmen

Tuskegee Airmen ► Trained at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. This black combat unit in the Army Air Corps flew more than 500 missions over France, Germany, North Africa, and Eastern Europe in 1941.

Stemming the Tide ► Midway ► Stalingrad ► North Africa

Midway ► In June 1942, the Japanese military began a concerted attack on U. S. forces stationed at Midway Island. U. S. naval and air forces inflicted heavy blows on the Japanese fleet, forcing them to flee. This U. S. victory showed that the U. S. Navy could hold its own, despite the loses at Pearl Harbor.

Stalingrad ► In the Fall of 1942, German forces in southern Russia attacked the city pf Stalingrad. This city was crucial, because it was the supply center for petroleum products from the Caucasus region in the south. The Germans needed access to the oil refineries to continue the war. On November 19, the Soviet army made a counter offensive, driving the Germans out of Stalingrad.

North Africa ► Operation Torch began in November 1942, when Britain and U. S. troops landed on the beaches of North Africa. They encountered stiff resistance, but in May 1943, the greatly outnumbered Axis forces surrendered. This first major victory of the war lifted the spirits of the Allies.

Turning the Tide ► Italy ► Normandy

Italy ► Two months after his victory in North Africa, Eisenhower sent paratroopers to attack the Italian island of Sicily. Due to the success of the invasion, Mussolini was overthrown.

Normandy ► Promoted to Supreme Allied Commander of the European theater of operations, Eisenhower coordinated Operation Overlord, the largest amphibious assault ever undertaken. On June 6, 1944, D-Day, a fleet of 6, 000 Allied ships launched the great invasion of the beaches of Normandy. Allied losses were high and it took 6 weeks to secure landing areas. On August 25, 1944, the Allies fought their way into Paris, liberating the city from four years of German occupation.

Germany’s Defeat ► In the face of certain defeat, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945.

The Holocaust ► As allied soldiers began liberating areas of Europe formerly held by Germany, they encountered many disturbing sites. They found concentration camps that housed ghost-like people with hollow eyes and bony frames. Gas chambers and ovens only hinted at the horror perpetrated in these camps, but the hundreds of thousands of bodies buried in mass graves confirmed the soldiers suspicions. At the beginning of the war, Hitler had instructed German soldiers to kill Jews and other social undesirables on the spot.

Japan’s Defeat ► General Douglas Mac. Arthur ► Kamikaze

General Douglas Mac. Arthur ► Wanted to concentrate the U. S. attack on Japan. In 1942, Mac. Arthur had to retreat from the Japanese and surrender the Philippines. As he left the shores, he vowed, “I shall return. ” For eight months the U. S. Marines engaged the Japanese at Guadalcanal. Finally, in October, 1944, Mac. Arthur victoriously returned to the Philippines. Landing on the island of Leyte, he said, “People of the Philippines, I have returned. ”

Kamikaze ► Pilots that would load their planes with explosives and willingly crash into Allied naval ships.

The Atomic Bomb ► Manhattan ► Hiroshima ► Nagasaki Project

Manhattan Project ► Special project which involved scientists that escaped from Germany, Britain, Canada, and the U. S. The object of the project was to build a weapon of incredible power: the atomic bomb.

Hiroshima ► On August 6, 1945, a specially equipped B 29 bomber, the Enola Gay, dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.

Nagasaki ► Just three days later, on August 9, the U. S. dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Over 150, 000 Japanese died in these two explosions. On August 14, 1945, as a result of these two disasters, the Japanese surrendered to General Douglas Mac. Arthur. World War II was over.