Chapter 9 Section 2 Industrialization Case Study Manchester

Chapter 9 Section 2 Industrialization Case Study: Manchester Objective: Analyze the impact of industrialization on society Vocabulary: Urbanization & Middle Class

Setting the Stage • Industrialization eventually led to a better quality of life for most people • Rapid industrialization brought plentiful jobs, but it also caused unhealthy working conditions, air/water pollution, & the ills of child labor • It also led to class tensions, especially between the working class & the middle class

Industrialization Changes Life • By the 1800 s, people could earn higher wages in factories rather than on farms • People wore better clothing, woven on power looms in England’s industrial cities & ate more food • Cities swelled with waves of job seekers

Check for Understanding • All of the following were reasons the people could eat more, EXCEPT which one? • Selective Breeding • Crop Rotation • Spinning Jenny Sentence Starter: _____ was not a reason that people were able to eat more during the Industrial Revolution.

Industrial Cities Rise • The number of European cities with more than 100, 000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 47 • Urbanization: the growth of cities & the migration of people into them • Factories developed in clusters because they were built near sources of energy • London had a population of about one million & was Europe’s largest city

Living Conditions • England had no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes • England lacked adequate housing, education, & police protection for the people who poured in from the countryside to seek jobs • Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, with whole families crowding in one bedroom • Average life span was 17 for the working-class citizens living in the city

Working Conditions • Factory owners wanted to keep their machines running as many hours as possible • The average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week • Factories were seldom lit or clean; Machines injured workers • There was no government program to provide aid in case of injury • Women & children were employed in different industries because they were the cheapest source of labor

Class Tensions Grow • The Industrial Revolution created enormous amounts of wealth in the nation • Most of this wealth belonged to factory owners, shippers, & merchants • Middle Class: social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, & wealthy farmers

The Middle Class • The new middle class transformed the social structure of Great Britain • The upper middle class consisted of government employees, doctors, lawyers, & managers • The lower middle class included factory overseers & skilled workers

Check for Understanding • What do you notice about the difference in the type of workers in the Upper & Lower Middle Class? Sentence Starter: Some differences between Upper & Lower Middle Class are _____.

The Working Class • The working class, saw little improvement in their living & working conditions • Some people tried to destroy the machines they felt were putting them out of work • The Luddites attacked whole factories by destroying laborsaving machinery • Mobs of workers rioted, mainly because of poor living & working conditions

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution created jobs & contributed to the wealth of the nation • There was more technological progress & inventions • It also produced healthier diets, better housing, & cheaper clothing • For the working class, it took longer, but their lives gradually improved

Long-Term Effects • Living & working conditions vastly improved • Profits derived from industrialization produced tax revenues • Profits from industrialization allowed local, state, & federal governments to invest in urban improvements & raised the standard of living

The Mills of Manchester • Manchester’s rapid, unplanned growth made it an unhealthy place for the poor who lived & worked there • However, wealth flowed from its factories & eventually the working class saw their standard of living improve • Children were beaten to stay awake & used on the most dangerous machine due to their tiny hands • Factory Act of 1819, finally put restrictions on working age & hours