Chapter 9 PUBLIC EDUCATION By 1900 31 states

Chapter 9

PUBLIC EDUCATION • By 1900, 31 states had passed laws requiring children 8 -14 attend school=compulsory education

Immigrants and Education • Americanization • Improved workforce by making them literate IN ENGLISH • Assimilation • Public schools taught American culture, which included history and values

Finding an alternative to Public Schools • immigrants feared loss the traditions and values of their own culture • Taught Protestant religion when their parents were Catholic • Parochial, or church, schools were created

African American schools • Black schools received less funding for books, buildings, or teacher’s salaries. • Fewer black children attended school

John D. Rockefeller Leland Stanford • Wealthy philanthropists supported education and the arts • College was expensive

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON • Former slave • Received at education by working as a janitor to pay his tuition • Headmaster of Tuskegee Institute • Advocated industrial/agricultural training • Asked African Americans to gain a skill which would make them important to their community • Believed this would cause the whites to “accept” the African American population and eventually equality occur • Autobiography Up From Slavery

W. E. B. Du. BOIS • Raised in the North (Massachusetts) • First African American to receive a Ph. D from Harvard University • Urged the top 10% of the African American population to step up and lead (Talented Tenth) • Did not believe continued vocational jobs would secure equality. • Advocated a Liberals Arts degree • Disagreed strongly with Washington • Helped found the Niagara Movement which began the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

WHOSE SIDE WOULD YOU HAVE BEEN ON IN 1895?

Section 2 New Forms of Entertainment

Vaudeville • Benjamin Franklin Keith • father of Vaudeville • provided entertainment that was clean • attracted all types of audiences • Variety shows

Minstrel Shows White actors in “black face” would sing and dance for the audiences. This type of show was replaced by Vaudeville.

1904 The Great Train Robbery • • First movie (motion picture) • Nickle admission • CHARLIE CHAPLIN

CIRCUS & AMUSEMENT PARKS

SPORTS as ENTERTAINMENT • Baseball • Alexander Cartwright formalized rules • popular legend says that the game was invented by Abner Doubleday

Football was organized from rugby in the 1800 s. Dr. James Naismith organized the game of basketball to keep athletes in shape during the winter season.

Women in sports • Bicycles gave women freedom • changed style of clothing for the sport: Split skirts and no more corsets • Tennis, gymnastics, and swimming were other sports for women

READING NEW MATERIAL • Newspapers: available to the masses thanks to new technology • Yellow Journalism: stories that might not be completely true created more excitement and drama • Magazines provided stories and information to a particular audience • Popular fiction stories such as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain showed that Americans wanted to read stories with local settings.

New Music • Jazz started in New Orleans and moved its way up the Mississippi River • Thomas Edison’s phonograph, allowed people to listen to music at home

Section 3 The World of Jim Crow How were African Americans discriminated against after Reconstruction? How did African Americans resist this discrimination?

Voting Restrictions • Poll Tax: a special fee that must be paid before a person was permitted to vote

Literacy Tests • test to show that African American had the ability to read, write, and minimum standard of knowledge before voting

Grandfather Clause • those that could vote or who had grandparents that could vote prior to the passing of the 15 th Amendment were exempt from poll tax or literacy test

Segregation • Defacto segregation: separation of the races by common practice such as segregation that exist in many churches still today • De jure segregation: separation that is required by law such as the separation of races in public places • Jim Crow laws were laws that separated the races

Plessy vs. Ferguson = Separate but Equal • According to the Civil Rights Act of 1875, the Federal government did not have the right to stop private organizations from separating races (as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does now) • On June 7, 1892, a 30 -year-old colored shoemaker named Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in the "White" car of the East Louisiana Railroad. Plessy was only one-eighths black and seven-eighths white, but under Louisiana law, he was considered black and therefore required to sit in the "Colored" car.

Plessy vs. Ferguson • Separate but equal ruled legal by the Supreme Court as long as the facilities were equal • Segregation was the legal law of the land • The facilities would never be equal

Lynchings • Lynching: an execution without a legal trial • Most common offense charged of these men was rape of a white woman • In reality, most were lynched because of they violated common social practices to keep blacks “in their place”

Strange Fruit Southern trees bear a strange fruit, Blood on the leaves and blood at the root, Black body swinging in the Southern breeze, Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees. Pastoral scene of the gallant South, The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth, Scent of magnolia sweet and fresh, And the sudden smell of burning flesh! Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck, For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck, For the sun to rot, for a tree to drop, Here is a strange and bitter crop.

IDA B. WELLS • • • black journalist three of her friends in Memphis, Tennessee were lynched for opening a grocery that competed with a white-owned store Outraged, Wells began a global anti-lynching campaign that raised awareness of the American injustice

In 1981, KKK members in Alabama randomly picked out a nineteen-year-old black man, Michael Donald, and murdered him in retaliation for a jury's acquittal of a black man accused of murdering a police officer. The Klansmen were eventually caught, prosecuted, and convicted, and a seven million dollar judgment in a subsequent civil suit bankrupted a subgroup of the Klan, the United Klan of America. Tiger Knowledge and Henry Hayes Jr Remain in prison for the murder of Michael Donald.

NAACP • Leaders at the Niagara Falls convention in 1905 vowed never to accept the inequality and oppression of the African American • In 1909, Mary White Ovington, a white social worker, joined with members of the Niagara Falls convention and organized the NAACP to work towards civil rights for African Americans • The Crisis, a magazine published by the NAACP, was edited by W. E. B. Du. Bois

New African American Businesses Leaders • George Washington Carver Agricultural chemist, Carver discovered three hundred uses for peanuts and hundreds more uses for soybeans, pecans and sweet potatoes.

Madame C. J. Walker "I am a woman who came from the cotton fields of the South. From there I was promoted to the washtub. From there I was promoted to the cook kitchen. And from there I promoted myself into the business of manufacturing hair goods and preparations. . I have built my own factory on my own ground" Madam Walker