Chapter 9 Nuclear Radiation 1 9 2 Nuclear

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Chapter 9 Nuclear Radiation 1 9. 2 Nuclear Equations Chemistry: An Introduction to General,

Chapter 9 Nuclear Radiation 1 9. 2 Nuclear Equations Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Balancing Nuclear Equations 2 • • In a balanced nuclear equation, particles are emitted

Balancing Nuclear Equations 2 • • In a balanced nuclear equation, particles are emitted from the nucleus, and the mass number and atomic number may change the sum of the mass numbers and the sum of the atomic numbers are equal for the reactants and the products Mass number sum: Atomic number sum: 251 = 251 Cf 98 251 247 Cm + 96 98 98 = Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition 4 He 2 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Guide to Balancing Nuclear Equations 3 Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological

Guide to Balancing Nuclear Equations 3 Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Alpha Decay 4 When a radioactive nucleus emits an alpha particle, a new nucleus

Alpha Decay 4 When a radioactive nucleus emits an alpha particle, a new nucleus forms with a mass number that is decreased by 4 and an atomic number that is decreased by 2. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Equation for Alpha Emission 5 Write an equation for the alpha decay of Rn-222.

Equation for Alpha Emission 5 Write an equation for the alpha decay of Rn-222. Step 1 Write the incomplete nuclear equation. Step 2 Determine the missing mass number. 222 – 4 = 218 Step 3 Determine the missing atomic number. 86 – 2 = 84 Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Equation for Alpha Emission 6 Write an equation for the alpha decay of Rn-222.

Equation for Alpha Emission 6 Write an equation for the alpha decay of Rn-222. Step 4 Determine the symbol of the new nucleus. 84 = Po Step 5 Complete the nuclear equation. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Beta Emission 7 A beta particle is an electron emitted from the nucleus when

Beta Emission 7 A beta particle is an electron emitted from the nucleus when a neutron in the nucleus breaks down, increasing the atomic number by 1. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Equation for Beta Emission 8 Write an equation for the decay of 42 K,

Equation for Beta Emission 8 Write an equation for the decay of 42 K, a beta emitter. Step 1 Write the incomplete nuclear equation. Step 2 Determine the missing mass number. 42 – 0 = 42 Step 3 Determine the missing atomic number. 19 ( 1) = 20 Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Equation for Beta Emission 9 Write an equation for the decay of 42 K,

Equation for Beta Emission 9 Write an equation for the decay of 42 K, a beta emitter. Step 4 Determine the symbol of the new nucleus. 20 = Ca Step 5 Complete the nuclear equation. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check 10 Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of 60 Co.

Learning Check 10 Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of 60 Co. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution 11 Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of Step 1 Write

Solution 11 Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of Step 1 Write the incomplete nuclear equation. 60 Co. Step 2 Determine the missing mass number. 60 – 0 = 60 Step 3 Determine the missing atomic number. 27 ( 1) = 28 Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution 12 Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of 60 Co. Step

Solution 12 Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of 60 Co. Step 4 Determine the symbol of the new nucleus. 28 = Ni Step 5 Complete the nuclear equation. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Positron Emission 13 In positron emission, • a proton is converted to a neutron

Positron Emission 13 In positron emission, • a proton is converted to a neutron and a positron. • the mass number of the new nucleus is the same, but the atomic number decreases by 1. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Gamma Radiation 14 In gamma radiation, • energy is emitted from an unstable nucleus,

Gamma Radiation 14 In gamma radiation, • energy is emitted from an unstable nucleus, indicated by m following the mass number • the mass number and the atomic number of the new nucleus are the same Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Summary of Types of Radiation 15 Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological

Summary of Types of Radiation 15 Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Producing Radioactive Isotopes 16 Radioactive isotopes are produced • when a stable nucleus is

Producing Radioactive Isotopes 16 Radioactive isotopes are produced • when a stable nucleus is converted to a radioactive nucleus by bombarding it with a small particle • in a process called transmutation When nonradioactive B-10 is bombarded by an alpha particle, the products are radioactive N-13 and a neutron. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check 17 What radioactive isotope is produced when a neutron bombards 98 Tc,

Learning Check 17 What radioactive isotope is produced when a neutron bombards 98 Tc, releasing an alpha particle? Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution 18 What radioactive isotope is produced when a neutron bombards 98 Tc, releasing

Solution 18 What radioactive isotope is produced when a neutron bombards 98 Tc, releasing an alpha particle? Step 1 Write the incomplete nuclear equation. Step 2 Determine the missing mass number. 98 + 1 4 = 95 Step 3 Determine the missing atomic number. 27 2 = 25 Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution 19 What radioactive isotope is produced when a neutron bombards 98 Tc, releasing

Solution 19 What radioactive isotope is produced when a neutron bombards 98 Tc, releasing an alpha particle? Step 4 Determine the symbol of the new nucleus. 25 = Mn Step 5 Complete the nuclear equation. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.