CHAPTER 9 NET PRESENT VALUE AND OTHER INVESTMENT

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CHAPTER 9 NET PRESENT VALUE AND OTHER INVESTMENT CRITERIA

CHAPTER 9 NET PRESENT VALUE AND OTHER INVESTMENT CRITERIA

Net Present Value � The difference between the market value of a project and

Net Present Value � The difference between the market value of a project and its cost � Estimating NPV: (DCF) The first step is to estimate the expected future cash flows. The second step is to estimate the required return for projects of this risk level. The third step is to find the present value of the cash flows and subtract the initial investment.

NPV – Decision Rule � If the NPV is positive, accept the project �

NPV – Decision Rule � If the NPV is positive, accept the project � A positive NPV means that the project is expected to add value to the firm and will therefore increase the wealth of the owners. � Since our goal is to increase owner wealth, NPV is a direct measure of how well this project will meet our goal.

Payback Period � The amount of time required for an investment to generate cash

Payback Period � The amount of time required for an investment to generate cash flows sufficient to recover its initial cost. � An investment is accepted if its calculated period is less than some prespecified number of years

Example Year A B C D E 0 -100 $ -200$ -50$ 1 30

Example Year A B C D E 0 -100 $ -200$ -50$ 1 30 40 40 100 2 40 20 20 100 -50, 000 3 50 10 10 -200 4 60 130 200

Analyzing the rule � Does the payback rule account for the time value of

Analyzing the rule � Does the payback rule account for the time value of money? � Does the payback rule account for the risk of the cash flows? � Does the payback rule provide an indication about the increase in value? � Should we consider the payback rule for our primary decision rule?

Example Year Long short 0 -250$ 1 100 200 3 100 0 4 100

Example Year Long short 0 -250$ 1 100 200 3 100 0 4 100 0

Advantages and Disadvantages of Payback �Advantages Easy to understand Adjusts for uncertainty of later

Advantages and Disadvantages of Payback �Advantages Easy to understand Adjusts for uncertainty of later cash flows Biased toward liquidity �Disadvantages Ignores the time value of money Requires an arbitrary cutoff point Ignores cash flows beyond the cutoff date Biased against longterm projects, such as research and development, and new projects

Discounted Payback Period � The length of time required for an investment’s discounted cash

Discounted Payback Period � The length of time required for an investment’s discounted cash flows to equal its initial cost. � An investment is acceptable if its discounted payback is less than some prespecified number of years

Example Cash flow Accumulated cash flow year undiscounted 1 100$ 89$ 100 89 2

Example Cash flow Accumulated cash flow year undiscounted 1 100$ 89$ 100 89 2 100 79 200 168 3 100 70 300 238 4 100 62 400 300 5 100 55 500 355

Decision Criteria Test – Discounted Payback � Does the discounted payback rule account for

Decision Criteria Test – Discounted Payback � Does the discounted payback rule account for the time value of money? � Does the discounted payback rule account for the risk of the cash flows? � Does the discounted payback rule provide an indication about the increase in value? � Should we consider the discounted payback rule for our primary decision rule?

Advantages and Disadvantages of Discounted Payback �Advantages �Disadvantages Includes time value of money Easy

Advantages and Disadvantages of Discounted Payback �Advantages �Disadvantages Includes time value of money Easy to understand Does not accept negative estimated NPV investments when all future cash flows are positive Biased towards liquidity May reject positive NPV investments Requires an arbitrary cutoff point Ignores cash flows beyond the cutoff point Biased against longterm projects, such as R&D and new products

Ex 8 Page 293 year Cash flow 0 -34, 000$ 1 16, 000 2

Ex 8 Page 293 year Cash flow 0 -34, 000$ 1 16, 000 2 18, 000 3 15, 000 Suppose the firm uses the NPV decision rule. At a required return of 11 percent, should the firm accept the project? What of the required return was 30 percent?

Ex 11 Page 294 year Cash flow 0 -19, 500$ 1 9, 800 2

Ex 11 Page 294 year Cash flow 0 -19, 500$ 1 9, 800 2 10, 300 3 8, 600 What is the NPV at a discount rate of zero percent?

Ex 1 Page 292 � What is the payback period for the following set

Ex 1 Page 292 � What is the payback period for the following set of cash flows? year Cash flow 0 -6, 400$ 1 1, 600 2 1, 900 3 2, 300 4 1, 400

Ex 2 Page 293 � An investment project provides cash inflows of 765$ per

Ex 2 Page 293 � An investment project provides cash inflows of 765$ per year for eight years. What is the project payback period if the initial cost is 2, 400$?

Ex 4 Page 293 � An investment project has annual cash inflows of 4,

Ex 4 Page 293 � An investment project has annual cash inflows of 4, 200$ , 5, 300$ , 6, 100$ and 7, 400$, and a discount rate of 14 percent. What is the discounted payback period for these cash flows if the initial cost is 13, 000?

Average Accounting Return � An investment’s average net income divided by its average book

Average Accounting Return � An investment’s average net income divided by its average book value � A project is acceptable if its average accounting return exceeds a target average accounting return

Example � Suppose we are deciding whether to open a store in anew shopping

Example � Suppose we are deciding whether to open a store in anew shopping mall. The required investment in improvements is 500, 000$. The store would have a five-year life. The required investment would be 100 percent depreciated. The tax rate is 25 percent. Net income for the five years as follow: year NI 1 100, 000 2 150, 000 3 50, 000 4 0 5 -50, 000

Decision Criteria Test - AAR � Does the AAR rule account for the time

Decision Criteria Test - AAR � Does the AAR rule account for the time value of money? � Does the AAR rule account for the risk of the cash flows? � Does the AAR rule provide an indication about the increase in value? � Should we consider the AAR rule for our primary decision rule?

Advantages and Disadvantages of AAR �Advantages Easy to calculate Needed information �Disadvantages Not a

Advantages and Disadvantages of AAR �Advantages Easy to calculate Needed information �Disadvantages Not a true rate of return; time value of money is ignored will usually be available Based on accounting net income and book values, not cash flows and market values

Internal Rate of Return � The discounted rate that makes the NPV of an

Internal Rate of Return � The discounted rate that makes the NPV of an investment zero � This is the most important alternative to NPV � An investment is acceptable if the IRR exceeds the required return

Decision Criteria Test - IRR � Does the IRR rule account for the time

Decision Criteria Test - IRR � Does the IRR rule account for the time value of money? � Does the IRR rule account for the risk of the cash flows? � Does the IRR rule provide an indication about the increase in value? � Should we consider the IRR rule for our primary decision criteria?

Advantages and Disadvantages of IRR � Advantageous o Closely related to NPV leading to

Advantages and Disadvantages of IRR � Advantageous o Closely related to NPV leading to identical decisions o Easy to understand communicate

Conflicts Between NPV and IRR � NPV directly measures the increase in value to

Conflicts Between NPV and IRR � NPV directly measures the increase in value to the firm � Whenever there is a conflict between NPV and another decision rule, you should always use NPV

Ex 7 Page 293 � A firm evaluates all of its projects by applying

Ex 7 Page 293 � A firm evaluates all of its projects by applying the IRR. If the required return is 16 percent, should the firm accept the following project? year CF 0 $-34, 000 1 16, 000 2 18, 000 3 15, 000

Ex 9 Page 293 � A project that provides annual cash flows of 28,

Ex 9 Page 293 � A project that provides annual cash flows of 28, 500$ for nine years costs 138, 000$ today. Is this a good project if the required rate of return is 20 percent? At what discount rate would you be indifferent between accepting the project and rejecting it?

Profitability Index � The present value of an investment’s future value cash flows divided

Profitability Index � The present value of an investment’s future value cash flows divided by its initial cost. � This measure can be very useful in situations in which we have limited capital

Advantages of Profitability Index � Advantages Closely related to NPV, generally leading to identical

Advantages of Profitability Index � Advantages Closely related to NPV, generally leading to identical decisions Easy to understand communicate May be useful when available investment funds are limited

Ex 15 Page 294 � What is the profitability index for the following set

Ex 15 Page 294 � What is the profitability index for the following set of cash flows if the relevant discount rate is 22 percent? year CF 0 -14, 000$ 1 7, 300 2 6, 900 3 5, 700

Capital Budgeting In Practice � We should consider several investment criteria when making decisions

Capital Budgeting In Practice � We should consider several investment criteria when making decisions � NPV and IRR are the most commonly used primary investment criteria � Payback is a commonly used secondary investment criteria

Comprehensive Problem � An investment project has the following cash flows: CF 0 =

Comprehensive Problem � An investment project has the following cash flows: CF 0 = - 1, 000; C 01 – C 08 = 200, 000 each � If the required rate of return is 12%, what decision should be made using NPV? � How would the IRR decision rule be used for this project, and what decision would be reached?