Chapter 9 Microbial Ecology Microbiological Ecology Microbial ecology

Chapter 9 Microbial Ecology

Microbiological Ecology: Microbial ecology is the study of the behavior and activities of microorganisms in their natural environments.

9. 1 Microorganisms in Nature Ecosystem 9. 1. 1 Microorganisms in Aquatic Environment 1. Freshwater microorganism （1）Oligotrophic hydromicroorganism （2）Copiotrophic hydromicroorganism 2. Marine microorganism

Figure 9 -1 Thiomargarita namibiensis , the World`s Known the Largest Bacterium. [From Lansing M. Prescott et al Microbiology (fifth edition)]

9. 1. 2 Microorganisms in atmosphere Table 9 -1 Bacterium quantity in 1 M 3 air in different environments Environment barn dorm city street Town park Air up the ocean north pole（north latitude 80°） Numbers 1 -2× 106 20000 5000 200 1 -2 0 （From Zhou. Deqin, <Microbiology Course> , Edition One, Page 284)

9. 1. 3 Microorganisms in Soil Environment Bacterium quantities have a general decuple degression law per gram soil ：bacteria（～ 108）＞actinomyces（～ 107）＞mildew（ ～ 106）＞microzyne（～ 105）＞algae（～ 104）＞protozoan（～ 103）

9. 1. 4 Microorganism Grown inside and outside Organisms 1、Normal Microbiota of the Humans Body and Animals. 2、The Microbiota of the Plants （1） Rhizosphere Microorganisms （2）adnascent Microorganisms （3）endogenesis Microorganisms

9. 2 The Relationships of Microbials and also with other Organisms 1. Neutralism 2. Mutualism (1) Mutualism between microorganisms (2) Mutualism between propagation and microorganisms 3. Symbiosis （1） Symbiosis between microorganisms （2） Plant-microorganism symbiosis Plant（3） Animal-microorganism symbiosis

Light S Desulfurom onas. aceto xidans Cell fundus Chlorobiu m sp. Cell fundus H 2 S CO 2 Acetic acid Figure 9 -2 Mutualism mechanism between Desulfuromonas. acetoxidans and Chlorobium sp.

Figure 9－3 Diagrammatize transverse section about plant`s Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae

spit Fibrous fodder Nature bacterium CO 2，CH 4，H 2… Quickly reproduce in the rumen A great deal thalli was digested by the abomasum Organic acid， ethanol Absorb by rumen Gas from mouth excrement milk，beef Figure 9 -4 microbial metabolize relation in milch cow’s rumen

4. Parasitism （1） Parasitism between microorganisms （2） Plant-Microorganism Parasitism （3） Animal-microorganism Parasitism

5. Antagonism A B Figure 9－5 Antagonistic between Microbes（Figure A : Antagonistic bacillus antibiotic production and inhibition of growth of Verticillium dahliae； Figure B: Antagonistic, Actinomycete antibiotic production and inhibition of growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum on an agar medium）

6 Predation Figture 9－6 Predatory Fungus catch Nematode（From Zhang. Keqin Predatory Fungus Biology>2001）

9. 3 Microbial’s effect in biogeochemical cycles 1. Carbon cycle Aerobic Photosynthesis CO 2+H 2 O O 2 +“CH 2 O” Anaerobic CH 4 Zymosis Alcohol，Organic. Acid， H 2+CO 2 Respiraton Figure 9－ 7 Carbon 、 Hydrogen、 Oxygen cycle in the nature Fossil fuel

2. Nitrogen cycle ④Ammonifying Orgaism nitrogen Nitrate assimilation NH 4+ NO 3 - ②nitrification biology Nitrogen fixation NH 4+ Atmosphere. N 2 O assimilation NH 2 OH ⑥Dissimilation Nitrate reduction ⑤Ammonium assimilation ②Nitrification NO NO 2 - ⑧Anamm ox process Figture 9－ 8 The Basic Nitrogen Cycle（ Red arrows: Interaction between microorganisms and plants ； Yellow arrows: Important taches in Nitrogen Fixation. )

3. Sulfur Cycle ①Sulfate reduction SO 42 - Organic sulfur ④Desulfovibrio ②Mineralization H 2 S ③Sulfur oxidation S ⑤Sulfer reduction Figure 9－9 The Basic Sulur Cycle（Red arrow: Reaction operate by plants and microorganisms together ）

4. Phosphorus Cycle Plants and Microorganism’s Assimilation Action of acid product microorganism s or production of Phosphorus Organic Phosphor us Phosphorou s Acid or Dissolubility Phosphate Infusibility Phosphate Microbial decompose Combined with electropositive in soil Figure 9 -10 Microorganisms in Phosphorus Cycle

5. Iron Cycle Unknown chemical Aerobic, Thiobacillu． Thermophilic, Sulfolobus Fe 3 O 4 Fe 3+ Aerobic Anaerobic Fe 2+ Fe 3 O 4 Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum Anaerobic purple phootrophic bacteria Figure 9 -11 The basic Iron cycle Ferribacterium limneticum, Geobacter metallireducen s, Geobacter sulfurreducens, Geovibrio ferrireducens, Desulfuromona s acetoxidans

9. 4 Microorganisms and the Environment Pollution 1. Pollution caused by microorganisms （1）Atmosphere Pollution （2）Aquatic Environment Pollution （3）Terrestrial Environment Pollution （4）Eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) （5）Pollution from microbe’ metabolize outcome

Table 9 -2 Pathogen microbes Spread by Atmosphere and the Disease Caused by Them Pathogen microbe Bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus sp Streptococcus pyogenes Neisseria meningitidis Corynebacterium diphtheriae Bordetella pertussis Yersinia pestis Bacillus anthracis Legionella pneumophila Name of disease Bacteria Disease Phthisic Streptococcal pneumonia Staphylococcal respiratory infections Streptococcal sore throat Scarlet fever Epidemiccerebrospinal meningitis Diphtheria Chincough Plague Pulmonary Anthrax Legionnaires’ disease Virus Virosis Other Pathogen microbe Other diseases Influenza virus Picornaviridae Parotitis virus Measles virus Variola virus Chicken pox virus Measles Adenovirus Coxiella burnetii Mycoplasma preumoniae Actinomadura asteroides Histoplasma capsulatum Cryptococcus neoformans Micropolyspora faeni Influenza, Flu Common cold Mumps Measles Smallpox CChicken pox Measles Pharyngitisvirosis pneumonia. . Q hot Mycoplasmal pneumonia N. asteroides’ disease Histoplasmosis Cryptococcosis Haystacks

Table 9 -3 Pathogen Microbes Enter into Water Through Dejection、Sewage Bacteria Salmonella Virus Poliomyelitis virus others Entamoeba Shigella Coxsackie virus histoluytic Enteropathogenic. E. Enteric Isosporiasis coli cytopathogenic Giardia lamblia Proteus human orphan Schistosoma Klebsiella virus, ECHOV Japonicum Francisella Reoviruses Hookworm Adenovirus tularensis Ascarid Rotavirus Pseudomonas Pinworm Hepatitis virus serratia Taenia saginata Gastroenteritis Y. enterocoliticas goeze virus Campylobacter Toenia solium jejuni linnaeus comma bacillus El Tor vibrio Mycobacterium Bacillus Streptococcus Leptospira

Table 9 -4 Several pathogenic organisms’ surviving time in the soil Pathogenic organisms Time Enterococcus faecalis Salmonella 26~77 Days 15~280 Days, more than 280 Days 1~3 Months More than 180 Days 8~60 Days 15~43 Days 15~60 Days 6~8 Days 8~170 Days Shigella Tubercle bacillus Bartonella Henselae. Leptospira Bacillus anthracis Entamoeba histoluytic

Table 9 -5 Comparation of Microbial in Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Lakes Iterm Number Kinds Distribution Move at day and night Massive blooms Main alga Eutrophic Lakes Oligotrophicn lakes Abundance Less Mostly on the surface of water Limit Less Plenty Can find in deep water Regulanty Few Cyanophyceae Chroococcaceae Microcystis aerugrinosa Microcystis flosaquae Microcystis marginata Nostocaceae Anabaena spiroides Aphanizomenon Oscillatoriaceae Oscillatoria Deatomaceae Melosira Fragilaria Stephanodescus Astericoolla Chlorophyceae Staurastrum Diatomaceae Tabellaria Cyclotella Chrysophyceae Dinobryon Frequently

Table 9 -6 May Epiphyte Toxins and it’s Production Bacterium Toxin kinds Liver toxin Name Aflatoxin Sterigmotocystin P. isandicum 、 luteoskyrin、 cyclochlorotin Rubrafoxin B Ochratoxin A Primary bacterium Aspergillus flavus、A. parasiticus A. versicoloe 、A. nidulans Islanditoxin P. Rubrum A. ochraceus Kidney toxin Citrinin Kojic Acid A citrimum A. oryzae Neurotoxin Patulin P. urticae、Penicillium cydopium P. citreo-viride A. oryzae var. microsporus Citre-oviridin Maltoryzine Blood making tissue toxin Fusarium toxin DON Saxitoxin F. sporotrium F. nivale Stachybotry Light sensitive dermitis sclerin Sclerotinia sclerotium

2. Indicater Organisms as an index of possible contamination Current Drinking Water Standards in China：No more than 100 bacteriums in single 1 ml tap water，and no more than 3 coliforms in single 1 L water. When water is polluted by fecal contamination， bacterias and coliforms will increase. Commonly， Bacterias in 1 ml water: 10 -100, Extremely cleanly water 100 -1000, cleanly water 1000 -10000, not quite cleanly water 10, 000 -100, 000, uncleanness water More than 1000. 000, Extremely uncleanness wate

3. Microorganisms’ Repair to Environment Contamination （1）、Principles and Applications of Microorganisms used in Waste Water Treatment 1、General guidelines for microbiologic quality of waters ： 2、Aerobic Microbial Treatment 3、Anaerobic Microbial Treatment 4、Activated Sludge Treatment 5、Membrane Filtration Technique 6、Photosynthetic Bacteria Treatment

Figure 9 -12 Metallograph of the Floc formed by the zoogloea bacilli and the filamentous bacilli in Activated Sludge [From Lansing M. Prescott et al Microbiology(fifth edition)]

Dense waste water BOD 10000 ml/L Unfreeze treatment Bacterium trough No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Adjust p. H PSB treatment No. 1 Refluence Cultivate trough Deposition pool Oxidation pool Thalli utilization Rare waste. BOD 500 ml/Lauound Figure 9 -13 Waste Water Treatment with Photosynthetic Bacteria

Input water Primary clarifiers Secondary clarifiers Activated sludge vessels Final clarifiers Chlorination vessels Figure 9 -14 An Aerial View of a Modern Conventional Sewage Treatment Plant. Output water

Table 9 -7 Major steps in Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Treatment of Wastes Treating step processes Primary Removal of insoluble particulate materials by setting, screening, addition of alum and other coagulation agents, and other physical procedures Secondary Bioloigical removal of dissolved organic matter Tricking filters Activated sludge Lagoons Extended aeration systems Anaerobic digesters Tertiary Biological removal of inoganic nuterients Chemical removal of inorganic nutrients Virus removal/inactivation Trace chemical removal [From Lansing M. Prescott et al Microbiology(fifth edition)]

（2） Operation and Applications in dealing with Exhaust gas by Microorganisms Microorganism filter method: A method using solid grain , which contain microorganisms to absorb infectant in the air , and then the microorganisms transfer them into innocuity substance. The common solid grain are soil and compost, some are biology filtrate bed or microbe filtrate box which are specialism designed.

（3）: Microorganisms used in treating solid castoffs, Methods and Applications 1、 Aerobic compost 2 、Anaerobic compost

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