Chapter 9 Illegal DRUGS CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to

Chapter 9 Illegal DRUGS CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 91

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT NARCOTICS? CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

Introduction • Drug - a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other higher order animals • Narcotic drugs – analgesics (relieve pain by a depressing action on the central nervous system) • Legally a NARCOTIC is any ILLEGAL or HIGHLY REGULATED substance – Effects functions such as: • blood pressure • pulse rate • breathing rate – Regular use narcotic drugs leads to physical dependence – Most common source of narcotic drugs is opium, extracted from poppies CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 93

Classes of Narcotics • • Opiates Hallucinogens Stimulants Depressants Club Drugs Anabolic Steroids CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 94

Opiates • Morphine - readily extracted from opium and used to synthesize heroin – Addicts often dissolve heroin in water by heating it in a spoon, and injecting it into the skin • Heroin produces a “high” that is accompanied by drowsiness and a sense of well-being that generally last 3 -4 hours • Codeine is also present in opium, but it is usually prepared synthetically from morphine CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 95

CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

Other Opiates • Oxy. Contin, with the active ingredient oxycodone, is not derived from opium or morphine, but does have the same physiological effects on the body as do opium narcotics • Oxy. Contin is prescribed to a million patients for treatment of chronic pain • Methadone is another well-known synthetic opiate – Pharmacologically related to heroin, appears to eliminate the addict’s desire for heroin while producing minimal side effects – Used to treat heroin addicts CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 97

Hallucinogens • Hallucinogens - cause marked changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods • Marijuana - most well-known member of this class – The most controversial drug in this class – Long-term effects on health are still largely unknown CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 98

Hallucinogens: Marijuana • Marijuana - derived from the plant Cannabis. – Active chemical substance responsible for effects is tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC • THC content decreases in the plant in the following sequence: – Resin (hashish) More – Flowers – Leaves Less – Stem, roots, or seeds • Marijuana does not cause physical dependency, but the risk of harm is in heavy, long-term use CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 99

Other Hallucinogens (LSD, PCP) • LSD - synthesized from lysergic acid – can cause hallucinations that can last for 12 hours • Phencyclidine, or PCP - often synthesized in clandestine laboratories – – often smoked, ingested, or sniffed often mixed with other drugs, such as LSD, or amphetamine sold as a powder (“angle dust”), capsule, or tablet Oral intake of PCP first leads to feelings of strength and invulnerability, which may turn to depression, tendencies toward violence, and suicide • Mescaline, psilocybin, and MDMA (Ecstasy) are also hallucinogens CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 910

Depressants • Depressants - substances used to depress the functions of the central nervous system – Calm irritability and anxiety – May induce sleep • Depressants include: – – Alcohol (ethanol) Barbiturates Tranquilizers various other substances that can be sniffed (airplane glue, model cement, or aerosol gas propellants such as freon) CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 911

Depressants • Alcohol (ethyl alcohol) – enters the body’s bloodstream and quickly travels to the brain – acts to suppress the brain’s control of thought processes and muscle coordination • Barbiturates, or “downers, ” – Normally taken orally and create a feeling of well-being, relax the body, and produce sleep • Tranquilizers - unlike barbiturates they produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of highthinking faculties or inducing sleep • Sniffing has immediate effects such as exhilaration, but impairs judgment and may cause liver, heart, and brain damage or even death CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 912

Stimulants • Stimulants include amphetamines, sometimes known as “uppers” or “speed, ” and cocaine, which in its free-base form is known as crack • Stimulants - substances taken to increase alertness or activity, followed by a decrease in fatigue and a loss of appetite CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 913

Stimulants • Amphetamine and methamphetamine – Often injected intravenously – Cause an initial “rush, ” followed by an intense feeling of pleasure followed by a period of exhaustion and a prolonged period of depression • Cocaine – Extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylin coca – Causes increased alertness and vigor, accompanied by the suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredom – Crack is cocaine mixed with baking soda and water, then heated • Often smoked in glass pipes, and, like cocaine, stimulates the brain’s pleasure center PRENTICE HALL CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 914

The Face of Meth CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

Club Drugs • The term club drugs refers to synthetic drugs that are used at nightclubs, bars, and raves (all-night dance parties) • Club Drugs include, but are not limited to: – – – MDMA (Ecstasy) GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate) Rohypnol (“Roofies”) Ketamine Methamphetamine • GHB and Rohypnol are central nervous system depressants that are often connected with drugfacilitated sexual assault, rape, and robbery CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 916

Club Drugs • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as MDMA or Ecstasy, is a synthetic mind-altering drug that exhibits many hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like effects – Enhances self-awareness and decreases inhibitions; – However, seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke, kidney failure, and cardiovascular system failure often accompany chronic abuse. • Ketamine - primarily used as a veterinary animal anesthetic that in humans causes euphoria and hallucinations – Can also cause impaired motor functions, high blood pressure, amnesia, and mild respiratory depression PRENTICE HALL CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 917

Anabolic Steroids • Anabolic Steroids - Synthetic compounds chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone – – Often abused by individuals who are interested in accelerating muscle growth Side effects include: Unpredictable effects on mood and personality Depression Diminished sex drive Halting bone growth Liver cancer CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 918

Schedules of Classification CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

Schedules of Classification • Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse and have no currently accepted medical use such as heroin, marijuana, methaqualone and LSD. • Schedule II drugs have a high potential for abuse and have medical use with severe restrictions such as cocaine, PCP, and most amphetamine and barbiturate prescriptions. • Schedule III drugs have less potential for abuse and a currently accepted medical use such as all barbiturate prescriptions not covered under Schedule II, codeine, and anabolic steroids. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 920

Schedules of Classification • Schedule IV drugs have a low potential for abuse and have a current medical use such as darvon, phenobarbital, and some tranquilizers such as diazepam (valium) and chlordiazepoxide (librium). • Schedule V drugs must show low abuse potential and have medical use such as opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic medicinal ingredients. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 921

Drug-Control Laws • The U. S. federal law known as the Controlled Substances Act will serve to illustrate a legal drug -classification system created to prevent and control drug abuse. • This federal law establishes five schedules of classification for controlled dangerous substances on the basis of a drug’s: – potential for abuse – potential for physical and psychological dependence – medical value CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 922

Drug Identification • The challenge or difficulty of forensic drug identification comes in selecting analytical procedures that will ensure a specific identification of a drug. • This plan, or scheme of analysis, is divided into two phases. – Screening test that is nonspecific and preliminary in nature to reduce the possibilities to a manageable number. – Confirmation test that is a single test that specifically identifies a substance. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 923

Preliminary Analysis • Faced with the prospect that the unknown substance may be any one of a thousand or more commonly encountered drugs, the analyst must employ screening tests to reduce these possibilities to a small and manageable number • This objective is often accomplished by subjecting the material to a series of color tests that will produce characteristic colors for the more commonly encountered illicit drugs • Microcrystalline tests can also be used to identify specific drug substances by studying the size and shape of crystals formed when the drug is mixed with specific reagents. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 924

Presumptive Tests CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

Confirmational Determination • Once this preliminary analysis is completed, a confirmational determination is pursued. • Forensic chemists will employ a specific test to identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all other known chemical substances. • Typically infrared spectrophotometry or mass spectrometry is used to specifically identify a drug substance. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 926

Collection and Preservation • The field investigator has the responsibility of ensuring that the evidence is properly packaged and labeled for the laboratory. • Generally common sense is the best guide, keeping in mind that the package must prevent the loss of the contents and/or crosscontamination. • Often the original container in which the drug was seized will suffice. • All packages must be marked with information that is sufficient to ensure identification by the officer in the future and establish the chain of custody. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 927

Think What is one of the most commonly abused drug in America? CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

Alcohol and Driving - BAC • At a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0. 08%, a person is 4 times more likely to be involved in an accident • Blood test for BAC – does this violate Fifth Amendment rights? – Schmerber vs. California • decided that 5 th amendment only applies to testimonial evidence (cant testify against yourself) • Confounding Circumstances: – Arterial BAC greater than Venous BAC while alcohol is still being absorbed (can give false negative) – Why? CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

Rate of Absorption of Alcohol Dependent upon: 1. Quantity of alcohol consumed 2. Time over which alcohol was consumed 3. Form of alcohol 4. Contents of stomach The more alcohol consumed, the faster it gets absorbed, the faster it is consumed, the faster it enters the blood Although alcohol gets absorbed by the small intestine, it is possible for absorption to occur in the stomach CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

Rate of Elimination The body eliminates alcohol by excretion (breathing, sweating, urination) and oxidation (in liver turned into CO 2 and H 2 O) Ro. E = 0. 01 + 0. 014(weight/300 lb) 1. Calculate your rate of elimination. 2. What is the determining factor? What does it mean? 3. Does a glass of wine have less alcohol than a can of beer? CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

A Drink Is A Drink A drink is defined as having 1/2 oz of pure ethyl alcohol Ounce (oz) at % (of alcohol) after ONE HOUR of drinking Beer: 10 -12 oz at 4 -5% EQUALS Wine cooler: 8 -12 oz at 4 -6% EQUALS Table wine: 4 -5 oz at 9 -12% EQUALS Fortified wine: 2. 5 oz at 20% EQUALS 80 proof Spirits: 1. 25 oz at 40% EQUALS 100 proof Spirits: 1 oz at 50% CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein Proof / 2 = % ETOH PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

Calculating BAC % BAC (g/100 m. L) = 0. 10 x MA/(VD x MB) MA = mass of alcohol (g) VD = volume of distribution (L/kg) (Men: 0. 7 L/kg; Women: 0. 6 L/kg) MB = body mass (kg) (body weight in pounds/2. 2) MA for liquor (proofs) MA = ounces of liquor x proof/200 x 28. 4 g/oz x 0. 80 g/m. L OR = 0. 11 x ounces of liquor x proof MA for wine/beer MA = ounces of liquor x percent/100 x 28. 4 g/oz x 0. 80 g/m. L OR = 0. 23 x ounces of liquor x percent Question 4 and 5: TWO CASES CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

Calculate your BAC and Ro. E 6. After drinking 2 shots of 151 Rum, what is your BAC? 7. Is it over the legal limit (0. 08%, over 21; 0. 010. 07% under 21)? 8. If so, how long will it take to sober up? (use Ro. E from before) Ro. E = 0. 01 + 0. 014(weight/300 lb) CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

Happy 21 st Birthday! Obtain a Birthday Card from the front and find the following: 1. Rate of Elimination 2. Mass of Alcohol for total amount drank. 3. Body Mass for use in BAC Equation 4. BAC 5. # Hours until you can drive again. 6. Signs and symptoms at your estimated BAC. Next Slide will cover all the basic steps. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

1 4 Ro. E = 0. 01 + 0. 014(weight/300 lb) % BAC (g/100 m. L) = 0. 10 x MA (VD x MB) MA = mass of alcohol (g) VD = volume of distribution (L/kg) (Men: 0. 7 L/kg; Women: 0. 6 L/kg) <- Constant! Use: 3 MB = body mass (kg) (body weight in pounds/2. 2) www. drinksmixer. com for your research for MA 2 M for liquor (proofs) A MA = ounces of liquor x proof/200 x 28. 4 g/oz x 0. 80 g/m. L OR = 0. 11 x ounces of liquor x proof MA for wine/beer MA = ounces of liquor x percent/100 x 28. 4 g/oz x 0. 80 g/m. L OR = 0. 23 x ounces of beer/wine x percent 5 %BAC Ro. E = Hours until Sober. out what your signs/symptoms 6 Findare for your estimated BAC.

DWI – Two Steps 1. Field evaluation of suspected Drunk Driver • • • Erratic behavior of vehicle Stopped at a checkpoint Requires probable cause • Field sobriety test (NHTSA recommends 3) 1. Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN)** most reliable (involuntary) 2. Walk-and-Turn (WAT) 3. One-leg stand (OLS) Act of Driving gives “implied consent” (NOT STANDARD PROCEDURE) 2. Breathalyzer, Intoxilyzer (IR), Electrochemical Instruments (used to calculate BAC) • Blood is 2100 x concentration of breath (controlled by body temp – same for everyone) • Newest breathalyzers combine IR with fuel cell technology PRENTICE HALL CRIMINALISTICS • Ato Forensic second Breathalyzer test will be done at the police station. Why? © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -

CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein PRENTICE HALL © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9 -