CHAPTER 9 Discrimination in the Labor Market Median
CHAPTER 9 Discrimination in the Labor Market
Median Earnings Ratios for Year-Round Full-Time Workers by Race and Gender, 1940– 2000 SOURCE: U. S. Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons, P– 60, nos. 69, 80, 105, 132, 156, 174, 193, 197, and 200. And, beginning in 2000, PINC-05 <http: //ferret. bls. census. gov/macro/0320 01/perinc/new 05_032. htm> 1940 data actually corresponds to 1939. Figure 9. 1 2 © 2003 South-Western
Wage Differentials Caused by Employer Prejudice Figure 9. 2 3 © 2003 South-Western
Wage Discrimination by a Monopsonist Figure 9. 3 4 © 2003 South-Western
Hypothetical Frequency Distribution of Worker Productivity among Blacks and Whites Figure 9. 4 5 © 2003 South-Western
Amounts of On-the-Job Training Received by Race and Gender SOURCE: Based on information contained in Jonathan R. Veum, “Training among Young Adults: Who, What Kind, and For How Long? ” Monthly Labor Review (August 1993): 27– 32. Table 9. 1 6 © 2003 South-Western
Distribution of Race/Gender Groups across Occupations with Varying Promotion Opportunities, 2001 SOURCE: Occupation classification is made by Waddoups and Assane, “Mobility and Gender in a Segmented Labor Market: A Closer Look, ” appendix; distribution of workers across occupations from Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings (January 2002), Table 11. Table 9. 2 7 © 2003 South-Western
Percentage of Executives, Managers, and Administrators Represented by Race and Gender Groups, by Industry, 2001 SOURCE: Cross-tabulations from the March 2001 Current Population Survey obtained through Ferret extraction tools from the U. S. Census Bureau, <http: //ferret. census. gov>. Table 9. 3 8 © 2003 South-Western
Mean Values of Worker Characteristics and Percentage of Wage Gap Explained SOURCE: Based on Garey Durden and Patricia Gaynor, “More on The Cost of Being Other Than White and Male: Measurement of Race, Ethnic, and Gender Effects on Yearly Earnings, ” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 57 (January 1998), Table 1 and unpublished tables. Table 9. 4 9 © 2003 South-Western
The Residual Approach to Measuring Wage Discrimination Figure 9. 5 10 © 2003 South-Western
Dimensions of Black Economic Progress, 1960– 2000 SOURCES: Earnings: Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families and Persons in the United States, P-60 series, <http: // ferret. bls. census. gov/macro/032001/perinc/new 05_032. htm>. Education: National Center for Educational Statistics, U. S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Digest of Educational Statistics; education statistics calculated from the 2001 March Supplement of the Current Population Survey. Occupational representation: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, various issues. Employment/Population ratios: E. Jacobs, ed. , Handbook of Labor Statistics (Lanham, Md. : Bernan Press, 1998) and Ferret extraction tool from <http//ferret. bls. census. gov>. Householder information: <http: //www. census. gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam. html>. Family income statistics: http: //www. census. gov/hhes/income/histinc/f 05. html. Poverty: Bureau of the Census, Poverty in the U. S. 2000 Current Population Reports Consumer Income Series, P-60, no. 214. Table 9. 5 11 © 2003 South-Western
Relationship Between Monthly Salary and Job Worth Points for Men and Women, Washington State, 1974 SOURCE: Donald J. Treiman and Heidi I. Hartmann, eds. , Women, Work, and Wages (Washington, D. C. : National Academy Press, 1981): 61. Used with permission. Figure 9. 6 12 © 2003 South-Western
Number of Hours Required to Receive Full-Time Wage Premium by Race and Gender Groups SOURCE: Based on information contained in Susan L. Averett and Julie L. Hotchkiss, “Discrimination in the Payment of Full-Time Wage Premiums, ” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49 (January 1996): 287– 301, Tables 3 a– 3 d. Table 9. 6 13 © 2003 South-Western
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