Chapter 9 Developing Psychological skills Class XII Meenakshi

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Chapter 9 Developing Psychological skills Class XII Meenakshi Medhi PGT Psychology and counsellor

Chapter 9 Developing Psychological skills Class XII Meenakshi Medhi PGT Psychology and counsellor

Client: In psychology client may be referred to an individual /group/ organization who on

Client: In psychology client may be referred to an individual /group/ organization who on her/his own seeks help, guidance, or intervention from a psychologist with respect to any problem faced by him / her. Skill: proficiency , facility or dexterity that is required or developed through training and experience. The Websters dictionary defines it as “ possession of the qualities required to do something or get something done”

American Psychological Association (1973) recommended professional skills essential for professional psychologist: 1. Assessment of

American Psychological Association (1973) recommended professional skills essential for professional psychologist: 1. Assessment of individual differences. 2. Behavior modification skills. 3. counseling and guidance skills.

Developing as an effective psychologist: How to differentiate between Pseudopsychologist and psychologist 1. Professional

Developing as an effective psychologist: How to differentiate between Pseudopsychologist and psychologist 1. Professional training, educational background, institutional affiliation and his/her experience in providing service. 2. Some psychologist carry on research to propound or investigate theoretical formulation while others are concerned with our daily life activities and behaviour. 3. The range of knowledge that a psychologist should possess should be acquired by entering the profession after completing their education and training.

The basic skills or competencies which psychologist have identified for becoming an effective psychologist

The basic skills or competencies which psychologist have identified for becoming an effective psychologist fall into three categories: 1. General skills 2. Observational skills 3. Specific skills

General skills These skills are generic in nature and are needed by all psychologist

General skills These skills are generic in nature and are needed by all psychologist irrespective of theory field of specialization. These skills include personal as well as intellectual skills. (note: refer to box 9. 1)

OBSEVATIONNAL SKILLS A psychologist engages in observing various facets of surrounding including people and

OBSEVATIONNAL SKILLS A psychologist engages in observing various facets of surrounding including people and varying events. They actively involve in observing people and their actions. this may include the demographic features, ways of dealing and relating to others, patterns of behaviours in the presence of others. Etc.

The following consideration taken into account while making on observation: 1. observe patiently. 2.

The following consideration taken into account while making on observation: 1. observe patiently. 2. Pay close attention to your physical surrounding- who, what, when, where and how. 3. Be aware of peoples reactions, emotions, and motivations 4. Ask questions that can be answered while observing. 5. Be yourself, give information about yourself , if asked. 6. Observe with and optimistic curiosity.

1. Naturalistic observation: suppose the aim of the study is how people behave in

1. Naturalistic observation: suppose the aim of the study is how people behave in response to heavy discount provided I the shopping mall. The researcher can visit the shopping mall and systematically observe peoples behavior. This will give a comparative study giving an insights to the study. 2. Participant observation: here the observer is actively engage in the process of observing by becoming an active member of the setting where the observation takes place. For the above mentioned example the observer can take [art time job in the shopping mall to become an insider I order to observe variation in the behaviour of the customers.

Advantages of observation: 1. It allows behavior to be seen and studied in its

Advantages of observation: 1. It allows behavior to be seen and studied in its natural setting. 2. People can be trained to use this method. Disadvantages of observation: 1. Events being observed are subject to bias due to the feeling of people involved as well as of the observer. 2. Day to day activities which are fairly routined can go unnoticed by the observer. 3. Actual behavior and response of the individual can be influenced by the presence of the observer , thus defeating the purpose of the observer.

Specific skills 1. These includes : (A) Communication skills. • Speaking. • Active listening

Specific skills 1. These includes : (A) Communication skills. • Speaking. • Active listening • Body language (b) Psychological testing skills. (C) Interviewing skills (d) Counseling skills • Empathy • Positive regard • authenticity

Communication skills Communication is a conscious or unconscious , intentional or unintentional process in

Communication skills Communication is a conscious or unconscious , intentional or unintentional process in which feelings and ideas are expressed as verbal and/non verbal messages that are sent , received and comprehended. The process of communication can be accidental, expressive or rhetoical.

Human communication occurs in three level: 1. Intrapersonal communication: it involves communicating to yourself.

Human communication occurs in three level: 1. Intrapersonal communication: it involves communicating to yourself. It encompasses such activities such as thought processes, personal decision making, and focusing on self. 2. Interpersonal communication: communication that takes place between two or more persons who establish a communicative relationship. Forms of interpersonal communication are: face-to face or mediated conversion , interview and small group discussion. 3. Public Communication: it is characterized by a speaker sending a message to an audience. It may be direct such as face-to-face messages delivered by the speaker to an audience, or in direct such as message relayed over radio or television.

Components of Human communication 1. Encode: This includes take ideas, give them meaning and

Components of Human communication 1. Encode: This includes take ideas, give them meaning and put them into message from and send the ideas through a channel. It is composed of our primary signals based on our senses i. e. seeing, hearing , tasting, smelling or touching. 2. Decode: the message is sent to someone who receives it using her or his primary signal system. It includes translate message into understandable forms.

1. Speaking • Communication involves speaking with the use of language. Language involves use

1. Speaking • Communication involves speaking with the use of language. Language involves use of symbols which package meaning within them. Body language is symbolic, it is necessary to be as clear and precise as possible when using words. • Slang expression, words unique to a culture or region and euphemism can sometimes become obstacles in good communication

2. Listening requires a person to be attentive. s/he should be patient, nonjudgmental and

2. Listening requires a person to be attentive. s/he should be patient, nonjudgmental and yet have the capacity to analyze and respond. The process of listening involves reception, attention, assignment of meaning and listener’s response to the message presented.

A. Reception The initial step in the listening process is the reception of a

A. Reception The initial step in the listening process is the reception of a stimulus or message. In addition to hearing mechanism people use visual system for listening. Facial expression, posture, movement and appearance are important cues with verbal part of the message

B. Attention • Once the information is received it goes to the attention •

B. Attention • Once the information is received it goes to the attention • Other stimuli recede so that we can concentrate on specific words or visual symbols. • Attention is divided into what we are attempting to listen , what is happening around us and what is going in our mind.

C. Paraphrasing It is the summary of the ides just received and providing with

C. Paraphrasing It is the summary of the ides just received and providing with a restatement of what has been understood. D. Assignment of meaning The process of putting the stimulus we have received into some predetermined mental category for interpreting the message we received.

E. Role of culture in listening Asian culture emphasize in listening by being a

E. Role of culture in listening Asian culture emphasize in listening by being a silent communicator when receiving messages from seniors or elders. Ex : Buddhism has the notion called mindfulness.

3. Body language Non verbal acts those are symbolic and closely connected to any

3. Body language Non verbal acts those are symbolic and closely connected to any talk in progress is called body language. Body language is composed of all those messages that people exchange besides words. Factors such as gestures, postures, eye contact, clothing style and body movement- all of them have to be considered together and called as cluster. The consistency between current and past patterns of behavior , as well as harmony between verbal and non verbal communication is termed as congruency.

Interviewing skills Interview is a purposeful conversation between two or more people that follows

Interviewing skills Interview is a purposeful conversation between two or more people that follows a basic question and answer format. Some interview formats are information gathering interview, counselling interview, interrogatory interview, radiotelevision interview and research interview

Interview format The basic format regardless of the interview’s purpose is divided into three

Interview format The basic format regardless of the interview’s purpose is divided into three stages , namely opening, the body and the closing. Opening of the interview The opening of interview involves establishing rapport between two communicators. Establishing the goal of the interview, and giving the interviewee time to become comfortable with the situation and the interviewer can be done at the outset.

Body of the interview In this stage the interviewer asks questions in an attempt

Body of the interview In this stage the interviewer asks questions in an attempt to generate information and data that are required for the purpose. Sequences of question To accomplish the purpose of an interview , the interviewer prepares a set of questions also called a schedule for different domains or categories h/she wants to cover. The categories of questions range from easy-to-answer to difficult-to-answer (note: - types of interview questions – box 9. 5)

Closing of interview The interviewer summaries what h/she has been able gather. Discussion on

Closing of interview The interviewer summaries what h/she has been able gather. Discussion on the next step to be taken. When the interview is ending interviewer should give a chance to the interviewee to ask question or offer comments

Go through these directly from he book • Elements about counselling those are common

Go through these directly from he book • Elements about counselling those are common to the major theoretical approaches to counselling ( page 191 - all 5 points) • Breaking the myths of counselling (page 191 – all 5 points) • Characteristics of effective helper (page 192 – 193) • Ethics of counselling ( page 193)