Chapter 9 CommunityBased Programs Juvenile Justice in America

Outline • What Has Been the Community’s Acceptance of Community-Based Programs? • How Are Community-Based Programs Administered? • What Is the Role of Delinquency Prevention? – Chicago Area Projects • Promising Prevention Programs – The Violent Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Outline (cont. ) • What Is the Role of Diversion? – The Youth Service Bureau – Runaway Centers – Elan – Teen Courts – The Juvenile Drug Court Movement – Juvenile Mediation Program – Gang Intervention Programs Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Outline (cont. ) • How Do Day Treatment Programs Operate? – Associated Marine Institute – Project New Pride • How Do Group Homes Operate? • What Are Wilderness Programs? – Outward Bound – Vision Quest • Are Community-Based Programs Effective? Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Objectives 1. To discuss the operations of the main types of community-based programs 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of these programs 3. To examine the main issues in community-based programming Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

1. True or False? Community-based programs are part of a larger movement to keep juveniles who are in trouble in training schools. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• False Community-based programs are part of a larger movement to keep juveniles who are in trouble out of training schools. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

2. How are community-based programs administered? Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller

• State-sponsored: – California, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, and Oregon have state sponsored residential and day treatment programs under the community corrections act. – Minnesota is considered the model because it provides state subsidies to communities that create their own community corrections systems. The cost of sending juveniles to training schools is charged back to the county and subtracted from the subsidy. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Privately administered: – Private delivery of correctional services to youthful offenders originated in the early days of juvenile justice in this nation. – Early on, most programs were religious or business backed. – Private delivery became popular again in the early 70’s. In some states, community programs are contracted out to private vendors. – Contracting has become popular because communities cannot afford to provide the services themselves. – Most payment to private venders comes through federal, state and local funding, from insurance or the juveniles parents. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Grant Funding for Community Programs • Safe. Futures: – Funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention. – Being tested in several communities across the country. – Seeks to improve the service delivery system by creating an continuum of care responsive to the needs of youths and their families at any point along the path toward juvenile offending. – This approach combines intervention, prevention, and treatment. • Project CRAFT (Community restitution and apprenticeship-focused training program): – A vocational program for high risk youth sponsored by the Home Builders Association. Program offers preappreticeship and job training for adjudicated juveniles referred to the progam. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

3. What is delinquency prevention? Toward what is it directed? Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Delinquency prevention is any attempt to keep juveniles from committing acts of delinquency. • Established as a national priority in the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 and Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1977, 1980, and 1984. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

4. What are three levels of delinquency prevention? Explain each. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Ø Primary prevention: • Directed at modifying conditions in the physical and social environment at large. • Ex: Mobilization of Youth which was designed to work and education opportunities for youth. Ø Secondary prevention: • Directed at early identification and intervention in the lives of individuals or groups in criminogenic circumstances. • Ex: DARE Ø Tertiary prevention: • Directed at the prevention of recidivism (after delinquent acts have been committed and detected). • Ex: Scared Straight programs Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Discuss the nature of delinquency prevention programs starting with the Chicago area projects and the 1974 Juvenile Justice and Crime Prevention Act. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chicago Area Projects • Clifford Shaw and Henry Mc. Kay were the founded the Chicago Area Projects in 1934. • The Chicago Area Projects advocated grassroots leadership, neighborhood revitalization, the community’s roles in policing itself, and the importance of community dispute resolution. • The Chicago Area Projects was noteworthy because it had far-reaching impacts on those who participated, it encouraged communities to deal with their own social problems, depended on volunteers, and developed leaders within the communities. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• The three basic goals of the Chicago Area Program included: – Acquaint residents with new scientific perspectives in child rearing, child welfare and delinquency. – Initiate new channels of communications between local residents and institutional representatives. – Bring adults into contact with troubled youths. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

5. Describe the following prevention programs: • The Blueprint for Violence Prevention at the University of Colorado identified 11 model prevention programs. • Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (BBBSA) • Best know of the programs. Includes network of over 500 local agencies maintain more than 145, 000 one-to-one relationships between youth and adult volunteers. • Volunteers spend at least 3 -5 hours a month with troubled youth. • Targeted to youth ages six to eighteen. • An 18 -month study found that youth in the program were 46% less likely to start using drugs, 27% less likely to start drinking, and 32% less likely to hit or assault someone. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Bully prevention program: • Designed to restructure the social environment of secondary schools in order to provide fewer opportunities for bullying and to reduce the peer approval and support that reward bullying behavior. • In a study of a South Carolina program that included students from 39 schools, students in grades 4 th through 6 th reported a 25% decrease in bullying activity. • Refer to Florida’s new anti-bullying statute. • Functional family therapy (FFT) • Designed to help underserved and at-risk youth ages eleven to eighteen. Multisystemic clinical program that provides twelve onehour family therapy sessions spread over three months. • Studies have found reductions in reoffending between 25 and 60 percent. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Incredible years: parent, teacher, and child training series: • Comprehensive set of curricula designed to promote social competence and to prevent, reduce, and treat conduct problems in children ages two to eight who exhibit or are at risk for conduct problems. • Parents are exposed to interactive play and reinforcement skills, local and natural consequences, and problem-solving strategies. • Teachers are given a training component that strengthens their skills in the classroom. • Last, children are taught empathy with others, developing emotional competency, solving interpersonal difficulties, managing anger, and succeeding at school Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Life skills training (LST) • Three-year intervention curriculum designed to prevent or reduce the use of gateway drugs such as tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. • Targets middle school students. • Outcomes have shown the program reduces alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use by 50 -75 percent. • Midwestern prevention project (MPP): • Comprehensive three-to five-year community-based prevention program that targets gateway use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. • A school component includes sessions taught by instructors trained in the curriculum. • An at-home component follows that is designed to develop family norms that discourage drug use. • A final community component involves the support of community leaders. • Results have shown a 40 percent reduction in smoking and alcohol use. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Multidimensional treatment foster care (MTFC) – Provides short-term (usually about seven months) of highly structured therapeutic care in foster families. Its goal is to decrease negative behaviors, including delinquency, and to increase youth’s participation in appropriate prosocial activities, including school, hobbies, and sports. – Evaluations have shown that youths in the MTFC were arrested less often and spent fewer days in lock-up than youth in other community-based programs. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Multisystemic therapy (MST) – Community-based clinical treatment to help parents understand help their children overcome the multiple problems contributing to antisocial behavior. MST uses the strengths of each youth’s social networks to promote positive change in his or her behavior. – Treatment usually lasts for about four months and includes about 60 hours of therapy. – Evaluations have found about a 25 to 70 percent reduction in longterm rates and rearrests and 47 to 64 reduction in out-of-home placements. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Nurse-family partnership: – Sends nurses to the homes of lower-income, unmarried mothers, beginning during pregnancy and continuing for two years following the birth of the child. – Designed to help women improve their prenatal health and outcomes of pregnancy by encouraging good health habits, giving mothers the sills they need to care for their infants and toddlers, and improving women’s personal development. – During the first 15 years after delivery: • Women who received nurses visits had 31% fewer subsequent births, had longer interval between births, and spent less time on welfare. • Children 60% less likely to run away • 56% less likely to have been arrested, and • 89% less likely to have been convicted of a criminal violation. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Project Toward No Drug Abuse (Project TND) – Targets high school youth ages fourteen to nineteen who are at risk for drug abuse. – Four or five-week curriculum involving twelve classroom sessions that offer cognitive motivation enhancement activities, information abut social and health consequences of drug use, correction of cognitive misperceptions, help with stress management, training in self-control, and instruction in active listening. • Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) – Program for promoting social and emotional competencies. – Focuses on the understanding, expression, and regulation of emotions. Classroom curriculum aimed at children in kindergarten through fifth grade. – Goals include providing youth with the tools to achieve academically as well as to enhance the classroom atmosphere and the learning process. – Studies have shown positive behavioral changes related to hyperactivity, peer aggression, and conduct problems. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• The violent juvenile and delinquency prevention: – Funded by the OJJDP on the belief that the most effective strategy for juvenile corrections is to place thrust of the prevention an diversion emphases on highrisk juveniles who commit violent acts. – I t is presumed that in order to reduce the overall level of violence in American society, it is necessary to successfully intervene in the lives of high-risk youth offenders who commit about 75 percent of all violent juvenile offenses. – General characteristics of these programs include: • • Address key areas of risk in youth’s lives. Seek to strengthen the personal and institutional factors that contribute to the development of a healthy adolescent, Provide adequate supervision and support, and Offer youths a long-term stage in the community. – These programs must be integrated with local police, child welfare, social services, school, and family-preservation programs. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

6. What is diversion? Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008

• Keeping juveniles out of the justice system but under the control of the juvenile justice system Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

7. Describe the following programs: • Youth service bureaus: • Created in the 60’s on the recommendation of the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. • Designed to divert youth from the juvenile justice system by mobilizing community resources to solve youth problems; strengthening existing youth resources; and promoting positive programs to remedy delinquency-breeding conditions. • From 1967 to 1973, 150 YSP’s were established around the country. • They decreased in the 1980’s due to lack of funding. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Runaway centers: • Centers set up to help the more than one million youths who run away each year • The Runaway and Homeless Youth Act, Title III of the 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act provided assistance to communities and private nonprofit agencies that operated temporary facilities. • Examples include the Covenant House and The Door-A Center of Alternatives…both in New York city. • Elan: • A therapeutic community for juveniles in Poland Springs, Maine for substance abusers and predelinquents. Started in 1971. • Program involves self-responsibility, intense peer pressure, self-disclosure, hard physical and emotional work, and often humiliating punishments. • Residents stay an average of 27 months. Fees run about $47, 071 for 12 months. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Teen courts • Ninth Judicial Circuit Teen Court Program – Ninth Judicial Circuit Court of Florida • The juvenile drug court movement • Elements common to drug courts: – – Faster intake and assessment Coordination with family Closer integration of information obtained during assessment Greater coordination between the court, substance abuse counselors, the school system, and other community agencies. – Much more active judicial supervision – Increased use of intermediate sanctions Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• The juvenile mediation program: • Purpose is for all parties to come together to resolve differences without court involvement. • Before proceeding, the juvenile must admit guilt and sign a waiver. • Program is designed to last no more than 90 days and is terminated under one of the following conditions: – Successful completion in 90 days – Unsuccessful completion and offender referred back to the juvenile justice system. – Dismissal by the mediator. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Gang intervention programs • Multi-jurisdictional Drug Task Force Gangs: Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training — Web. Cast • G. R. E. A. T. : – Home - G. R. E. A. T. Program - Gang Resistance Education And Training Home Page • Paramount , California Alternative to Gang Membership Program – – In six years, only 15 of three thousand youths who participated in the Antigang curriculum in school joined gangs. The 250 community meetings on gang awareness drew attendance of approximately 2, 500 parents. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

8. How do day programs operate? Give some examples of day programs. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Youths spend all day in a center and go home in the evenings. The centers do not need living and sleeping quarters; the number of required staff is fewer than in residential programs, and less coercion is used by their staff. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Associated marine institutes – Has three goals: • Hard work • Education • Focusing on role models • Project new pride – Colorado based program that was designated as an exemplary project by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. – Focuses primarily on academic education, counseling, employment, and cultural education. – Goals include reducing recidivism, job placement, school reintegation, and remediation. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

9. What are group homes? Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller ©

• Group homes are residential and usually hold from 4 to 12 children, although some halfway houses may hold up to 35 youths, depending on the focus of the program. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Describe the functions of group homes. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th

• Group homes provide alternatives to institutionalization. • Group homes are used as short-term residences. • Group homes may be either half-way in or half-way out settings. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

10. Briefly describe wilderness programs and give several examples. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Wilderness homes are sometimes called survival programs and are set up in the desert, mountains, on the sea, or in other areas in which youths can be given the chance to overcome seemingly impossible tasks. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Wilderness programs • Outward Bound • Vision. Quest Juvenile Justice in America,

11. Discuss the effectiveness and problems of community-based programs. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

• Community resistance must be broken down. • Careful planning must occur. • Communities must be kept informed when programs are being planned. • Conservatives are afraid the wrong youths will be put in the community. • Liberals would put all but the hard-core in the community. • A continuum of services should be implemented. Juvenile Justice in America, 5 th Edition Bartollas/Miller © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458