Chapter 9 Byzantine Empire 1 Emperor Constantine rebuilt

Chapter 9 Byzantine Empire

1. Emperor Constantine rebuilt Greek city, Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople. Known as the "New Rome" because capital of Eastern Empire while western empire fell into the Dark Ages. 2. strait-narrow body of water that connects 2 larger bodies of water.

3. Located on Bosporus Strait-connects Black Sea and Sea of Marmara. Dardanelles is another strait south of Bosporus that connects Sea of Marmara to Med. Sea. The 2 straits connect Europe and Asia and enhance trade. 4. Ships charged a toll to go through the Bosporus.

5. Emperor Justinian 6. People unhappy with his absolute rule, he was ready to abdicate when his wife, Theodora, convinced him to be strong and continue on. He ended rebellion and became very strong emperor. 7. Achievements included: . Justinian's Code - rewrote law books to update and modernize laws. built Hagia Sophia - largest religious building in the world (at that time) - a Christian church with a huge dome with skylights, colored marble and embroidered silk curtains. (Reminded him of Solomon's Temple to God in Jerusalem)

C. united empire under strong control as an autocrat - sole ruler with complete authority. He was in control of government and the church and seen as Christ's "coruler on Earth" - "equal to all men but similar to God, who rules all". Byzantine art included mosaics - tiny glass, stones, tiles to make a picture, and religious paintings always featured religious leaders with halos around their heads.

8. Byzantine patriarch was head of church and disagreed with Pope in western empire who claimed authority over all Christians. 9. Byzantine Church differences included: . religious leaders could marry. Byzantines observed Easter (resurrection of Jesus) as most holy day (Western church observed Christmas (birth of Jesus) as most holy day.

C. Byzantine emperor wanted icons (pictures, statues, cross, rosary, etc. ) removed from church because they believed people worshipped icons and not what they represented. (Iconoclast wants icons removed) 10. Schism - split - occurred in the Church over pope/patriarch competition for power and icons. Resulted in 2 churches: . Eastern (Greek) Orthodox church - located in Constantinople with patriarch as head. Roman Catholic Church in west - in Rome with pope as head

11. Constantinople remained wealthy, strong city due to location on Bosporus - (charged ships to go through it) until 4 th Crusade went through Constantinople (pope wanted patriarch defeated). Began to decline thereafter until Muslims finally conquered the city.

Section 2 -Rise of Russia 1. Geography divides Russia into 3 regions: . Siberia - frozen wasteland in eastern region, does have much oil, natural gas, minerals there. Southern part is steppe - treeless grassy plain - good for overland trade routes. north west contains forests and fur-bearing animals (good for warm coats). southwestern region is warmer, fertile soil for farming. Most of Russia's population lives here - first cities formed here.

2. Russia's people are Slavic 3. chief town in old days was Kiev - a principality region governed by a prince. Kiev's prince was over all the other princes-the Grand Prince. 4. 2 Christian missionaries - Cyril and Methodiustranslated the Bible from Latin so that Russians could read it. They created Cyrillic alphabet so there was a common alphabet for the Slavic people.

5. Distinctive architecture in this area - onionshaped domes in gold and vibrant colors to make buildings unique. Kremlin (seat of Russian govt today) and many churches feature these domes today. 6. Genghiz Khan and his Mongols from China conquered Russians in 700 s. Kept Russians isolated from the rest of the world - no trade or cultural diffusion. When Europe was emerging from Dark Ages and moving ahead, Russia was still isolated from world, so did not move ahead.

7. During Mongul rule, princes slowly regained some power and were able to defeat their Mongul rulers. Created a monarchy with Moscow their chief city. 8. One monarch, Ivan IV (a. k. a. Ivan the Terrible) was autocrat (ruled with absolute power) who ruled harshly because of turmoil and rebellion he witnessed while his father was monarch. Made him mentally unstable and had thousands murdered because he thought they were trying to overthrow him. Died in 1584, plunging Russia into the "Time of Troubles" which lasted until 1613, when a new czar was elected - Michael Romanov - who began a 300 year reign of the Romanov family.