Chapter 9 Agricultural Transformation and Rural Development Copyright

The Imperative of Agricultural Progress and Rural Development n n The heavy emphasis in

Agricultural Stagnation and Growth Since 1950 n Although agriculture employs the majority of the

Table 9. 1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 4

Agricultural Stagnation and Growth Since 1950 n n Although agriculture employs the majority of

Figure 9. 1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6

The Structure of Third World Agrarian Systems n Two kinds of world agriculture Copyright

Table 9. 2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 8

The Structure of Third World Agrarian Systems n n Two kinds of world agriculture

Table 9. 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 10

Figure 9. 2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 11

Table 9. 4 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 13

The Important Role of Women n Women provide 60% to 80% of agricultural labor

The Economics of Agricultural Development: Transition From Peasant to Commercial Farming n Subsistence farming:

Figure 9. 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 16

Figure 9. 4 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 17

Figure 9. 5 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 18

The Economics of Agricultural Development: Transition From Peasant to Commercial Farming n n n

Toward a Strategy of Agricultural and Rural Development n n Improving small-scale agriculture Conditions

Concepts for Review n n n Agrarian systems Cash crops Diversified farming Family farm

Concepts for Review (cont’d) n n n Moneylender Patrón Per capita agricultural production Per

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The Imperative of Agricultural Progress and Rural Development n n The heavy emphasis in the past on rapid industrialization may have been misplaced Agricultural development is now seen as an important part of any development strategy Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2

Agricultural Stagnation and Growth Since 1950 n Although agriculture employs the majority of the LDC labor force, it accounts for a much lower share of total output Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3

Agricultural Stagnation and Growth Since 1950 n n Although agriculture employs the majority of the LDC labor force, it accounts for a much lower share of total output Trends in per capita food and agricultural production, 1950– 1994 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 5

The Structure of Third World Agrarian Systems n n Two kinds of world agriculture Peasant agriculture in Latin America, Asia, and Africa – Latin America and Asia: similarities and differences – The Latifundio–Minifundio pattern (see Table 9. 4) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9

The Structure of Third World Agrarian Systems n n Two kinds of world agriculture Peasant agriculture in Latin America, Asia, and Africa – Latin America and Asia: similarities and differences – The Latifundio–Minifundio pattern (see Table 9. 4) – Fragmentation and subdivision of peasant land in Asia – Africa: extensive cultivation patterns Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12

The Important Role of Women n Women provide 60% to 80% of agricultural labor in Africa and Asia, and 40% in Latin America Women work longer hours than men Government assistance programs tend to reach men, not women Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 14

The Economics of Agricultural Development: Transition From Peasant to Commercial Farming n Subsistence farming: risk aversion, uncertainty, and survival Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 15

The Economics of Agricultural Development: Transition From Peasant to Commercial Farming n n n Subsistence farming: risk aversion, uncertainty, and survival The transition to mixed and diversified farming From divergence to specialization: modern commercial farming Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 19

Concepts for Review n n n Agrarian systems Cash crops Diversified farming Family farm Green revolution Integrated rural development n n n n Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Interlocking factor markets Landlord Land reform Latifundio Medium-sized farms Minifundio Mixed farming 21

Concepts for Review (cont’d) n n n Moneylender Patrón Per capita agricultural production Per capita food production Price bands Productivity gap Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. n n n n Scale-neutral Sharecropper Shifting cultivation Specialized farming Staple foods Subsistence farming Tenant farmer Transactions costs 22