Chapter 9 1981 to 1995 Workstations UNIX the

Chapter 9 - 1981 to 1995 Workstations, UNIX & the Net 1

Next Step - Workstations o Inexpensive microprocessor n o o Cost less than mini; more than PC Main Features n n o Motorola 68000 UNIX Extensive Networking Capabilities Idea: Attach these to mainframe rather than dumb terminal 2

Apollo - First Workstation o o o Bill Poduska, from Prime Computer Domain: own OS and NW system $40, 000 Used for CAD & engineering Mid-1980 - sold 1, 000 1989 - bought by H. P. 3

Sun Microsystems o o 1982 - founded by Vinod Khosla Also Bill Joy n o Stanford University Network Workstation n o Grant - UNIX Andy Bechtolsheim June 1982 - SUN-2, $20, 000 n Berkeley UNIX First SUN Workstation - 1983 4

UNIX o o AT&T Bell Labs, NJ; Ken Thompson, Dennis Richie Not a complete OS n o Due to legal actions n n n o Set of tools to manipulate & share files AT&T couldn’t sell for profit Universities got license for cheap Commercial could also buy Open Source 5

The UNIX Journey o Developed in New Jersey o o To easily share files; Very frugal Not for masses; o Univ. of Illinois-Champagne-Urbana o U. C. Berkeley n n Extensively rewritten Bill Joy o Took it to SUN 6

UNIX and Universities o o Cheap source code Written in C; run any machine with C compiler Free to modify code - and they did Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX n 1978 -Joy offering tapes cheap 7

Universities (cont. ) o 1980 - ARPA backed BSD o Version 4. 2 Network Protocol TCP/IP n ARPA promoted TCP/IP n Forever linked UNIX & Internet n 8

UNIX * Miscellaneous o VAX - Berkley UNIX w/ TCP/IP n Helped transform ARPANET to Internet Vulnerable to viruses o Never really challenged Windows o n Not even LINUX, yet 9

Vax Strategy - 1980’s o o Offer single architecture (VAX) with single OS (VMS) in solitary or networked configurations ranging from desktop to mainframe capability Networking – Ethernet - from Intel & Xerox “The network is the computer. ” Several Modes: 11/780, 11/750, Micro. VAX II, 8600 (Venus), 9000 10

Vax Strategy Risks Similar to IBM’s “betting the company” o Had to supply customers with everything without seeming to change too much o Entire line had to be high in quality o 11

Risks (cont. ) o Stop marketing own competing H. W. n o Public outcry over PDP-10 & DECtape n o PDP-10 - Outdated Phase out an announcement Historical Perspective- Pg. 186 12

Vax Strategy Results o Did not stick with it n o o o 1982 - 3 incompatible machines (not IBMPC compatible - fatal) Strategy went well through 1980’s 1987 stock market crash Competition - UNIX workstations & IBM PC DEC couldn’t recover #2 position Final blow: Did not develop current architecture 13

RISC o o Reduced Instruction Set Computer IBM-360, DEC VAX n n n Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) 200+ instructions, each Due to slow access core memory Due to immature compilers Trying to close “English Instruction” gap Cheap ROM allowed low cost of CISC 14

RISC- More #1 o John Cocke, IBM “wild duck” n o Experimental: IBM 801, 1979 n o o o Did not make market 1980 - Berkeley- RISC Project 1981 - Stanford n o Improved technology believed smaller set of instructions with more loads & stores would be faster than 370 MIPS (Millions of instructions per second) Skepticism outside university environment Everything else booming - so why change? 15

RISC - More #2 o 1987 - SUN SPARC- RISC Chip n n o o Scalable Processor Architecture Overcame Skepticism RISC improved microprocessors speeds faster than mainframe & miniprocessors were improving Sun Licensed SPARC to others n n Hoped it would become the standard But would not be profitable 16

RISC – More #2 (cont. ) o MIPS computer systems n n n Stanford MIPS project DEC bought RISC chip for workstation Silicon Graphics 1990 - IBM R/6000 o 1990’s early: IBM & Apple o n Power PC, Motorola Chip 17

Workstation vs. PC RISC Architecture o Scientific & Engineering Apps. o Networking (Ethernet) o Cost o 18

Ethernet o o o Developed @ Xerox PARC, 1973 Robert Metcalfe & David Boggs Metcalfe n o o At MIT in 1969 - helped connect PDP-10 to ARPNET – to do same in ‘ 72 at PARC Focus @ PARC was local networking PARC Local Network n n Data General minis in star technology Expensive, inflexible, not robust 19

ALOHAnet o o To connect among Hawaiian Islands Radio Signals Wireless Packets of 1000 bits; address of recipient attached to head of each message Computers turned to UHF frequency & listened for packets 20

Network Features #1 Radio (medium) was passive o Computers (Nodes) did the work o n o “Ether”- invisible medium n o Process, queue, route Replaced by coaxial cable New Computer just taps into cable 21

Network Features #2 Computer “listens” before sending o Collision: random pause, try again o n If many collisions, send less frequently Math analysis showed would work o 1974 - Running @ 3 million bps o n Arpanet 50 (telephone) - kilobits/sec 22

Ethernet Impacts o o Speed changed relationship between small and large computers 1 st affected workstations, then PC market DEC, INTEL, Xerox: accepted as standard for VAX DOS/ Early PC chips - not well suited for networking 23

Apple PC’s With Lotus 1 -2 -3, Word Processing, & d. Base III, IBM compatibles began to replace Apples & Word Processors in office environment o Less expensive clones o 24

“Personal” Computing in Business o Employees had personal SW n n o Became problem for I. S. people n o Not in line with business goals Some sw not very good So LAN’s helped to “control” technology Irony: networking made it not so personal 25

Novell o o o Networking practical after 80386 1989 - had half business Complex, expensive, overlaid DOS n File server with software Not as good a UNIX networking with workstations Backups, messaging, sharing 26

Internet LAN’s provided access to Internet o Key features o n n n Descendent of ARPANET Packet switching No dedicated line necessary TCP/ IP- standard protocol Open to public, commercial 27

Internet Success ARPA’s support; adoption of TCP/IP in 1980 o TCP/IP inclusion into Berkeley UNIX o n o Not proprietary Rise in number of LAN’s 28

Success (cont. ) Ethernet Speeds o Grove’s Law o n Telecommunication bandwidth doubles every 100 years Cable, etc. have improved o “Last Mile Problem” o 29

Internet Before WWW o Arpanet- goal was resource sharing n n o Groups n o FTP, Telnet: had to know location of information Email - did emerge Bulletin Boards, Discussion Groups, Etc. Gopher- 1990/91 n n n Univ. of Minnesota Search for Data on campus Spread 30

Before WWW (cont. ) o WAIS - Wide Area Information System n n o Thinking Machines Corp. , Cambridge Searched documents & made index of words All were short lived n But demonstrated what could be done 31

WWW - The Beginning o o o Doug Englebart: mouse + on-line system, NLS Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper - hypertext Ted Nelson: Xanadu System n n n o Computer Lib/Dream Machines Hypertext: forms of writing which branch or perform on request; they are best presented on computer display screens Worked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’s Apple Macintosh Hyper. Card - 1987 32

WWW Finally o Tim Berners-Lee @ CERN n n o European particle physics lab Swiss- French border Features and Goals n n n A shared information space, inclusion Across platforms URL- Uniform Resource Locator o n n To avoid database restrictions HTTP- to replace FTP HTML 33

WWW Early Years Slow Start - few but CERN supported o Hard to program links o Just a few browsersn Lynx & Viola o 34

Mosaic o Marc Andreessen & Eric Bina n o o o U. of Illinois January 1993 - released Mosaic, a browser, over the Internet Used Mouse, hypercard Links in different color Seamless integration of text and graphics Re-written for Windows and Macintosh 35

Netscape Navigator o 1994 – Jim Clark, Silicon Graphics n o Univ. of Illinois – objected n o Andreessen had been a student there Clark & Andreessen n n o Commercialize Mosaic Netscape Communications Corp Mosaic died 1995 – Public release of stock n $28 $58 (day 1) $150 36

Chapter 9 1981 -1995 Workstations, UNIX & the Net 37