Chapter 8 Water and Minerals Nutrition Concepts Controversies

Chapter 8 Water and Minerals Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12 e Sizer/Whitney

Learning Objectives § Identify the best beverage choices to obtain enough water for the body’s needs. § Describe the body’s water sources and routes of water loss, and name factors that influence the need or water. § Compare and contrast various sources of drinking water for safety.

Learning Objectives § Discuss why electrolyte balance is critical for the health of the body. § Describe the nutrients needed to maintain blood calcium levels, and explain why this is important. § Describe a diet that follows the DASH principles, and specify who might benefit from such a diet and in what ways.

Learning Objectives § Compare the availability of iron form plant and animal sources. § Discuss the function and importance of copper, zinc, chromium, fluoride, and selenium in the body. § Describe a diet that a young woman can follow to help prevent osteoporosis later in life.

Introduction § Minerals § Major § Trace § Water § Most indispensable nutrient

Minerals in a 60 -Kilogram (132 Pound) Person (Grams)

Water § Makes up about 60 percent of a person’s weight § Roles § Solvent § Cleansing agent § Lubrication and cushion § Coolant

Body’s Water Balance § Water balance § Dehydration § Thirst § Signs § Groups at risk § Water intoxication § Body water varies by pounds § Thirst and satiety govern water intake § Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys

Water Balance – A Typical Example

Effects of Mild Dehydration, Severe Dehydration, and Chronic Lack of Fluid

How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day? § Water needs vary § Influential factors § Fluids and foods § DRI § Metabolic water § Sweating § Choosing fluids § Caffeine

U. S. Fluid Sources

Are Some Kinds of Water Better for My Health Than Others? § Types of water § Hard § Calcium and magnesium § Soft § Sodium § Hypertension

Safety and Sources of Drinking Water § Public water § Removal of many hazards § Disinfectants § Testing and reporting § Chlorination and cancer § Water sources § Surface water § Groundwater

Bottled Water § Regulation and safety § Sales across state lines § Standards § Less rigid than those for tap water § BPA § IBWA trademark § Water for nutrition’s sake § Fluoride

Body Fluids and Minerals § Water follows salt § Electrolytes § Water flows toward greater concentration § Fluid and electrolyte balance § Causes of imbalance § Acid-base balance § Hydrogen § Buffers

How Electrolytes Govern Water Flow

Calcium § Most abundant mineral in the body § Meeting DRI recommendations § Storage facilities § Bones § In constant flux § Teeth

A Bone

Calcium § Bone and tooth formation § Hydroxyapatite § Fluorapatite § Bone and tooth turnover

Calcium § In body fluids § 1 percent of body’s calcium § Roles § Blood calcium is tightly controlled § Calcium balance § Skeleton serves as a calcium bank § Bone density § Organs

Calcium § Bone loss § Inevitable consequence of aging § Peak bone mass § Osteoporosis § Supplements § Calcium absorption § Increases in times of need § Recommendations

Bone Throughout Life

Calcium Snapshot

Phosphorus § Second most abundant mineral in body § Majority found in bones with calcium § Roles in the body § Recommendations § Deficiencies are unlikely § Food sources

Phosphorus Snapshot

Magnesium § “Major mineral” § Dietary requirement § Bones and kidneys § Roles in the body § Works with calcium § Deficiency § Toxicity § Recommendations

Magnesium Snapshot

Sodium § Roles § Major part of fluid and electrolyte balance § Acid-base balance § Deficiency § “Water Weight” § Recommendations § Intakes

Sodium and Salt Intake Guidelines

Sodium § Blood pressure § Hypertension § Measures § Types § Sodium intakes increases blood pressure § Heart damage § DASH diet § Controlling salt intakes

How to Cut Sodium from a Barbeque Lunch

Potassium § Positively charge ion inside the cells § Roles § Fluid and electrolyte balance § Heartbeat § Deficiency § Dehydration § Toxicity § Recommendations

Potassium Snapshot

Chloride and Sulfate § Chloride § Crucial for fluid balance § Hydrochloric acid § Principle food source § Sulfate § Roles § No recommended intake § Deficiencies are unknown

Trace Minerals

Iodine § Body’s work is done by iodide § Roles § Thyroxine § Deficiency § Goiter § Cretinism § Toxicity § Food sources

Iron § Every living cell contains iron § Two proteins § Hemoglobin § Myoglobin § Roles § Carry oxygen § Make new cells, amino acids, hormones, & neurotransmitters

Iron § Iron stores § A mineral to be hoarded § Iron losses § Special proteins transport and store iron § Absorbing iron § Forms of iron in food § MFP factor § Impairing iron absorption

Iron § Deficiency § Iron deficiency § Iron-deficiency anemia § Signs of deficiency § Mental symptoms § Adults § Children § Pica

Normal and Anemic Blood Cells

Iron § Causes of deficiency § Groups most susceptible to deficiency § Women of childbearing age § Infants and toddlers § Adolescents § Too much iron § Iron overload § Symptoms

Iron Snapshot

Zinc § Works with proteins in every organ § Roles § Expression of deficiency § Groups at greatest risk for deficiency § Vegetarians

Zinc Snapshot

Selenium § Roles in the body § Relationship with chronic disease § Cancer § Toxicity § Supplements § Sources

Fluoride § Not essential to life § Roles in the body § Deficiency § Dental decay § Toxicity § Fluorosis § Sources

U. S. Population with Access to Fluoridated Water Through Public Water Systems

Chromium and Copper § Chromium § Roles in the body § Recommendation § Sources § Copper § Roles in the body § Deficiency § Toxicity

Other Trace Minerals and Some Candidates § § § Molybdenum Manganese Boron Cobalt Nickel Silicon § All trace minerals are toxic in excess!

Meeting the Need for Calcium § Low calcium intake § Associated diseases § Milk, yogurt, & cheese group § Traditional sources of calcium

Food Sources of Calcium in the U. S. Diet

Meeting the Need for Calcium § Vegetables § Absorption § Calcium binders § Other foods § Calcium-fortified foods § Supplements § Making meals rich in calcium

Calcium Absorption from Food Sources

Osteoporosis: Can Lifestyle Choices Reduce the Risks? Controversy 8

Introduction § Osteoporosis prevalence § Fractures § Sex differences § Causes § Tangled complexity

Development of Osteoporosis § Bone § Trabecular § Tapped when blood calcium is low § Cortical § Decline in bone density § Dowager’s hump § Fractures § Common sites

Losses of Trabecular Bone

Loss of Height in a Woman Caused by Osteoporosis

Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosis § Causes § Gender and advanced age § Genetics and environmental factors § Bone density and genes § Influence of genes § Genetic inheritance § Risks vary by race and ethnicity

Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosis § Calcium and vitamin D § Bone strength in later life § Bone building during childhood and adolescence § Gender and hormones § Menopause for women § Estrogen and testosterone § Body weight

Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosis § Physical activity § Tobacco smoke and alcohol § Protein § Too little protein § Too much protein § Sources § Sodium, caffeine, soft drinks § Other nutrients

Risk and Protective Factors That Correlate with Osteoporosis

Diagnosis and Medical Treatment § DEXA scan § Drug therapies § Estrogen replacement therapy

Calcium Recommendations § Recommendations vary § Set according to life stage § Sources § Foods and beverages first § Dietary calcium § Sunshine for vitamin D § Supplements § Types of supplements