Chapter 8 Thinking Intelligence and Language 2011 The

Chapter 8 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter Preview n Cognitive Revolution in Psychology n Thinking n Intelligence n Language n Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Health and Wellness © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

The Cognitive Revolution n cognition – how information is processed and manipulated when remembering, thinking, and knowing 1950 s: psychology resumes focus on the mind and mental processes computers: an analogy for the mind/brain - artificial intelligence (AI) © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

The Computer Analogy © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Thinking n n concepts – mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics prototype model – all instances of a concept are compared to a prototype (ideal example) of that concept © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Steps in Problem Solving 1. Find and frame problem 2. Develop good problem-solving strategies (subgoals, algorithms, heuristics) 3. Evaluate solutions 4. Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Problem-Solving Obstacles n fixation - using a prior strategy only n functional fixedness - fixated on usual functions © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Reasoning n n mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions inductive reasoning - driven by data; bottom-up; specific general n deductive reasoning - driven by logic; top-down; general specific © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Reasoning and Decision Making © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Decision Making n n evaluating alternatives and making choices among them attempting to maximize outcome © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Reasoning and Decision Making System I – automatic § rapid, heuristic, intuitive System II – controlled § slower, effortful, analytical © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Decision-Making Biases Confirmation Bias n search only for info that supports our ideas Hindsight Bias n report falsely that we predicted an outcome Availability Heuristic n predict probability based on ease of recall Base-Rate Fallacy § ignore info about general principles Representativeness Heuristic n make judgments based on stereotypes © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Critical Thinking n n n thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence mindfulness – alert and mentally present open-mindedness – receptive to new ways of looking at things © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Emotion and Cognition n moods influence the way we think bad moods >> use careful logic to solve problems good moods >> efficiency, originality, creativity, ignore irrelevant info © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Creative Thinking Divergent versus Convergent Thinking Characteristics of Creative Thinkers n n n brainstorm flexibility and playful thinking inner motivation willingness to face risk objective evaluation of work © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intelligence n What is intelligence? n definitions of intelligence reflect culture n U. S. – Spearman’s g n measuring intelligence - validity - reliability - standardization © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intelligence Tests: Criteria © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intelligence Tests n Binet – Mental Age (MA) n Stern – Intelligence Quotient (IQ) n normal distribution n Stanford-Binet Test © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intelligence: Normal Distribution © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Influences on Testing Cultural Bias in Testing n culture-fair tests (e. g. , Raven Progressive Matrices) Genetic Influences on Intelligence n n heritability increases with age Environmental Influences on Intelligence n Flynn effect © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

The Flynn Effect © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Variations in Intelligence Giftedness: usually IQ ≥ 130 § Terman – socially well adjusted and successful as adults § importance of innate ability Intellectual disability: usually IQ < 70 n n n organic versus cultural-familial disabilities mild, moderate and severe/profound adaptive behavior deficits (conceptual, social, practical) © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Theories of Multiple Intelligences Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory n n n analytical intelligence creative intelligence practical intelligence © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Theories of Multiple Intelligences Gardner’s Frames of Mind verbal spatial interpersonal naturalist musical mathematical bodily-kinesthetic intrapersonal existentialist © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Language form of spoken, written, or signed communication based on symbols Infinite Generativity ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Structure of Language n Phonology - basic phonemes (sounds) n Morphology - rules for word formation n Syntax - rules for combining words to form phrases and sentences n Semantics - meaning of words and sentences n Pragmatics - use of language © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Language and Cognition n Can you think without using language? n Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesize “language determines thought” n role of cognition in language n role of language in cognition © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Gender and Language Gender Differences in Language Are women more talkative? © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Influences on Language Biological Influences n n language universals hemispheric specialization Environmental Influences n n behavioral view (learned skill) language exposure (case of Genie) © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Development of Language © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Learning a Second Language as an Adult Sensitive Periods in Language Learning n n new sounds/accent and new grammar new vocabulary © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Health and Wellness Cognitive Appraisal and Coping n n n primary appraisal secondary appraisal cognitive reappraisal © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter Summary n n n Describe cognitive psychology and discuss the role of the computer in the development of the field. Explain the processes and human limitations in problem solving, reasoning, and decision making. Describe intelligence and its measurement. Discuss influences on intelligence and types of intelligence. Identify the connections between language and thought and summarize how language is acquired and develops. Discuss the importance of cognitive appraisal with respect to stress and describe various styles of coping. © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter Summary Cognitive Revolution Thinking n n prototype model of concepts problem-solving steps and barriers reasoning and decision making - inductive, deductive, and intuitive - biases critical and creative thinking © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter Summary Intelligence n n n IQ tests: measurement, Binet, normal curve influences on intelligence test scores extremes and types of intelligence Language n structure, development, and influences Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Health and Wellness n cognitive appraisal and coping strategies © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.