Chapter 8 The Transatlantic Economy Trade Wars and

General James Wolfe mortally wounded by the French in Quebec, 1759. Copyright © 2010

Overview Mid-18 th c. renewal of European warfare: Austria vs. Prussia over dominance of

European Overseas Empires Four phases of European contact with the New World: I. Discovery,

Old Custom House Quay in London, 18 th century. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education,

Mercantile Empires, Early 18 th c. — Boundaries Set by 1713 Treaty of Utrecht

Mercantilist Goals Underlying economic theory of 18 th-c. empires; the driving force of empire.

Mapping the Empires: Britain’s empire: Red France’s empire: Blue Spain’s empire: Green Dutch empire:

French-British Rivalry N. American colonial quarrels over St. Lawrence River valley, upper New England,

The Spanish Colonial System Colonial Government The technical link between New World and Spain

The Viceroyalties of Latin America in 1780 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ,

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights

Trade Regulation Only one port authorized for use in American trade. Casa de Contratación

Colonial Reform Under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs Crucial early 18 th-c. change: War of

Colonial Reform Under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs peninsulares: Spanish-born nobles. Mestizos and mulattoes Slaves:

Colonial Reform Under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs Review question: How did the reforms of

African Presence in Americas Slavery had always existed in some form in parts of

The West Indies, Brazil, and Sugar Plantations Sugar plantations were incredibly deadly places. “Murderous

Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy Slave trade: dominated by Portuguese & Spanish in 16

The Slave Trade, 1400 -1860 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle

The Experience of Slavery Estimated 9 million Africans or more brought to Americas over

Brazilian Sugar Production Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ

Slaves in the American South: Some artists disguised their harsh realities by depicting rare

Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars War of Jenkins’ Ear (1739) English-Spanish competition in West Indies British declared

War of the Austrian Succession (1740– 1748) Central & Eastern Europe Prussia invades (Habsburg)

The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756 France and Britain clash in New England Great Britain

Seven Years’ War (1756– 1763) England now backs Prussia, France backs Austria; colonial theater:

Europe and the American Revolution Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue Caused by

The Crisis and Independence Colonies resisted several measures designed to raise money, including Intolerable

American Political Ideas Influence of English ideas & events in America Revolution of 1688

Events in Great Britain John Wilkes affair Arrested after criticizing treaty with France in

Broader Impact of American Revolution Demonstrated to Europe possibility of government without kings Idea

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Overview Mid-18 th c. renewal of European warfare: Austria vs. Prussia over dominance of central Europe Great Britain vs. France for commercial & colonial supremacy Outcomes: Prussia emerges as great power, Great Britain gains world empire Peace results in restructuring of taxation & finance, leading in turn to: American Revolution Continental enlightened absolutism Continuing French financial crisis Reform of Spanish South American empire Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

European Overseas Empires Four phases of European contact with the New World: I. Discovery, exploration, conquest, settlement—from Columbus to end of 17 th c. II. Mercantile empires & great power trade rivalries; slavery; colonial independence—to 1820 s* III. 19 th-c. The New Imperialism: empires in Africa & Asia IV. Decolonization, 1945 to late-20 th c. Source of European world domination: technology (ships & guns) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Mercantile Empires, Early 18 th c. — Boundaries Set by 1713 Treaty of Utrecht Spain: South America except for Brazil; Florida, Mexico, California & N. American Southwest; Central America; Caribbean possessions Britain: N. Atlantic seaboard, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland; Caribbean possessions; trading posts on Indian subcontinent France: St. Lawrence, Ohio, & Mississippi river valleys; Caribbean possessions; trading posts in India & West Africa Netherlands: Surinam (S. America); Cape Colony (S. Africa); trading posts in West Africa, Sri Lanka, & India; also controlled trade with Java (Indonesia) in SE Pacific Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Mercantilist Goals Underlying economic theory of 18 th-c. empires; the driving force of empire. International trade as zero-sum game; whoever gets the most gold wins. Based on the assumption that there is a set amount of wealth in the world. One nation can only get rich at the expense of another. Colonies meant to trade exclusively with home country; hard to enforce because it was more profitable to trade with other colonies. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Mercantilism:

Mapping the Empires: Britain’s empire: Red France’s empire: Blue Spain’s empire: Green Dutch empire: Yellow * “West Indies” = The Caribbean islands

French-British Rivalry N. American colonial quarrels over St. Lawrence River valley, upper New England, Ohio River valley; fishing rights, fur trade, Native American alliances Biggest area of rivalry: West Indies— tobacco, cotton, indigo, coffee, sugar. Sugar became a staple, not a luxury anymore. India: Both granted legal monopolies to privileged charter trade companies. Trading outposts called “factories” and trade companies expanded their control over India as the Mughal Empire decayed. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Spanish Colonial System Colonial Government The technical link between New World and Spain was crown of Castile (since Isabella). Top-down administration, almost no selfgovernment. Nominated viceroys of New Spain (Mexico) and Peru. • Viceroyalties were divided into judicial councils called audencias, and presided over by officers called corregidores. • All political power belonged only to those born in Spain (peninsulares) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Trade Regulation Only one port authorized for use in American trade. Casa de Contratación (House of Trade Contracts) in Seville, Spain, regulated all trade with New World. Functioned to serve Spanish commercial interests (precious-metal mines). Flota system tried to ensure Spanish economic hegemony. Fleet of merchant ships, escorted by war ships, would bring gold and silver bullion back to Spain each year. Could not trade outside of the flota system. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Colonial Reform Under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs Crucial early 18 th-c. change: War of the Spanish Succession (1701– 1714) and Treaty of Utrecht replaced Spanish Habsburgs with Bourbons of France. Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV (r. 1700– 1714) and successors tried to revive decaying trade monopoly, suppress smuggling and piracy. Charles III (r. 1759– 1788): most important imperial reformer—royal representatives favored over local councils; improved imperial economy, but introduced tensions between Spanish from Spain and creoles (Spanish born in America). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Colonial Reform Under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs peninsulares: Spanish-born nobles. Mestizos and mulattoes Slaves: both African and Native. creoles: descendants of peninsulares; Latin America, deprived of some political powers. Only peninsulares and creoles had any real power.

Colonial Reform Under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs Review question: How did the reforms of the Bourbon Spanish monarchs and the social structure of Latin America bring the empire even more directly under Spanish control?

African Presence in Americas Slavery had always existed in some form in parts of Europe, but from 16 th c. , became fundamental to the British & Spanish imperial economies (plantation economy). Driven by labor shortage, esp. in the Caribbean (West Indies) Supplied by internal African warfare: slave markets on West African coast—not imposed by Europeans, but preexisting Began in 16 th c. in Spanish America, 17 th c. in British America Slave trade grew in 18 th c. because of low fertility rate and high mortality rate of established slaves—difficult to create stable self-reproducing population Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The West Indies, Brazil, and Sugar Plantations Sugar plantations were incredibly deadly places. “Murderous commodity” High slave mortality rate More slaves were consistently brought from Africa. Real African cultural presence and multi-racial societies formed in Latin America. Blend of Euro and Afro cultures, languages, and religions. Slaves outnumbered whites: by 1725, 90% of Jamaica’s population was black slaves.

Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy Slave trade: dominated by Portuguese & Spanish in 16 th c. , Dutch in 17 th c. , and English in 18 th c. “Triangular trade”: American prosperity was dependent on slavery. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Triangular Trade

The Experience of Slavery Estimated 9 million Africans or more brought to Americas over 4 centuries. “Seasoned” slaves worth more than those newly arrived. Maintenance of ethnic bonds in the New World— African language, religion. Generally accepted that all the slaves in plantation societies led difficult lives with little variation Some slaves mixed Christianity with African religions One of factors that continued slavery was racist ideology Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Slaves in the American South: Some artists disguised their harsh realities by depicting rare moments of joy in paintings. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars War of Jenkins’ Ear (1739) English-Spanish competition in West Indies British declared war on Spain in 1739 Minor was opening encounter to European warfare up to 1815 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

War of the Austrian Succession (1740– 1748) Central & Eastern Europe Prussia invades (Habsburg) Silesia; France & Spain back Prussia, England backs Austria Maria Theresa maintains Hapsburg empire as a major political power Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 Prussia retained Silesia, Spain renewed Treaty of Utrecht with Britain so they could import slaves from Spanish colonies Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756 France and Britain clash in New England Great Britain joined forces with Germany, Convention of Westminster France and Austria agreed to defensive alliance Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Seven Years’ War (1756– 1763) England now backs Prussia, France backs Austria; colonial theater: Britain trounces France in N. America Treaty of Paris made Britain into a world power, through World War II Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Europe and the American Revolution Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue Caused by problems of revenue collection common to all powers after Seven Years’ War British tried to tax colonies to pay for war Colonies responded that they wouldn’t be taxed without representation Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Crisis and Independence Colonies resisted several measures designed to raise money, including Intolerable Acts Thomas Paine’s Common Sense aroused revolutionary sentiments Continental Congress declared Declaration of Independence Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

American Political Ideas Influence of English ideas & events in America Revolution of 1688 Writings of John Locke Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Events in Great Britain John Wilkes affair Arrested after criticizing treaty with France in print Elected several times to Parliament but king would not sit him Influence of American ideas & events in Britain Appeal to popular opinion Broadly rejected monarchy, social hierarchies Yorkshire movement demanded changes in parliamentary elections Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Broader Impact of American Revolution Demonstrated to Europe possibility of government without kings Idea of preserving traditional liberties Reject social status Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.