Chapter 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and

Chapter 8 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ The Cellular Basis of ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ Reproduction ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ and Inheritance ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ Power. Point Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CELL DIVISION AND REPRODUCTION ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

THE EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﻠﻲ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

MEIOSIS AND CROSSING OVER ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺰﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻲ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ Patterns of Inheritance ﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ Power. Point Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen

MENDEL’S LAWS ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺪﻝ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

VARIATIONS ON MENDEL’S LAWS ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺪﻝ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. 11 Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes ﺗﺆﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻄﻴﺔ Incomplete dominance ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ Neither allele is dominant over the other ﻻ ﻳﺴﻮﺩ ﺃﻲ ﺃﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﺮ Expression of both alleles is observed as an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygous individual ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻷﻠﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﻭﺳﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Extensions to Mendel When Mendel’s laws/results may not be observed Genetic Occurrence Polygenic inheritance ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻰ Definition Examples • 4 genes are involved in determining eye color. ( )ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺃﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺆﺜﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ • Human height ( )ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ More than one gene can affect a single trait • A pleiotropic allele dominant for Pleiotropy A single gene can affect more than one trait ﺍﻷﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻦ Multiple alleles for one gene ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻠﻴﻠﻰ ﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ Dominance is not always complete ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ Environmental factors ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ Gene interaction ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻰ ﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﺆﺜﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺔ Genes may have more than two alleles ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺃﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻠﻴﻠﻴﻦ • In incomplete dominance the heterozygote is yellow fur in mice is recessive for lethal developmental defect. ( ﻟﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﺀ )ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻔﺮ • Sickle cell anemia ( )ﺃﻨﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﻠﻴﺔ ABO blood types in humans ( ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ABO )ﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ intermediate. • In co-dominance no single allele is dominant, and the heterozygote shows some aspect of both homozygotes. • Human blood groups ( )ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ Genes may be affected by the environment. Siamese cats ( )ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻣﻰ Products of genes can interact to alter genetic ratios. • The production of a purple pigment ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ in corn ( )ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ

22 + XX 76 + ZW 32 X-O system X-O ﻧﻈﺎﻡ Z-W system Z-W ﻧﻈﺎﻡ 22 + X 76 + ZZ 16 Chromosome number system ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻣﻲ

Chapter 10 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ Molecular Biology of the Gene ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻦ Power. Point Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

THE FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎ ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Third base First base Second base Dictionary of the genetic code (RNA codons) “ ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ”ﺷﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎ

Normal gene ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ m. RNA Protein ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ Met Lys Phe Gly Ala Lys Phe Ser Ala Base substitution ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ Types of mutations and their effects ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺄﺜﻴﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ Met Base deletion ﺍﻟﺤﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ Met Missing ﺣﺬﻑ Lys Leu Ala His

Chapter 11 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ How Genes Are Controlled ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ Power. Point Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Mary C. Colavito Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen

CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

CLONING OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 12 ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ DNA Technology and Genomics ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎ ”ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ“ ﻭﺷﺌﻮﻥ ﺟﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺔ Power. Point Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Mary C. Colavito Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻋﺪﻟﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.