Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton Power Point Lecture

Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton Power. Point® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason La. Pres Lone Star College - North Harris Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton § The Appendicular Skeleton § 126 bones § Allows us to move and manipulate objects § Includes all bones besides axial skeleton § The limbs § The supportive girdles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton Figure 8– 1 The Appendicular Skeleton. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton Figure 8– 1 The Appendicular Skeleton. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle § Also called the shoulder girdle § Connects the arms to the body § Positions the shoulders § Provides a base for arm movement § Consists of § Two clavicles § Two scapulae § Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle § The Clavicles § Also called collarbones § Long, S-shaped bones § Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) § Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle Figure 8– 2 The Clavicle. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle § The Scapulae § Also called shoulder blades § Broad, flat triangles § Articulate with arm and collarbone § Anterior surface: the subscapular fossa Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle § The Scapulae § Structures of the scapula § Body has three sides: – superior border – medial border (vertebral border) – lateral border (axillary border) § Body has three corners: – superior angle – inferior angle – lateral angle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle § The Scapulae § The scapular head § Holds glenoid cavity § Which articulates with humerus § To form shoulder joint § Processes of the glenoid cavity § Coracoid process: – anterior, smaller § Acromion: – posterior, larger – articulates with clavicle – at the acromioclavicular joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle Figure 8– 3 The Scapula. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle § The Scapulae § Posterior features of the scapula § Scapular spine: – ridge across posterior surface of body § Separates two regions: – supraspinous fossa – infraspinous fossa 3 D Rotation of Scapula, Clavicle, and Humerus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The upper limbs consist of the arms, forearms, wrists, and hands Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Humerus § Also called the arm § The long, upper arm bone § Articulates with the pelvic girdle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Humerus § Tubercles of the proximal epiphysis § Separated by the intertubercular groove: – greater tubercle: » lateral » forms tip of shoulder – lesser tubercle: » anterior, medial Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Humerus § Head: § Rounded, articulating surface § Contained within joint capsule § Anatomical neck: § Margin of joint capsule § Surgical neck: § The narrow metaphysis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Humerus § The Shaft § Deltoid tuberosity: – a bulge in the shaft – attaches deltoid muscle § Radial groove: – for radial nerve – posterior to deltoid tuberosity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Humerus § The distal epiphysis § Medial and lateral epicondyles: – for muscle attachment § Condyle of the humerus: – articulates with ulna and radius § Articular regions of the condyle § Trochlea: – coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa – articulates with ulna § Capitulum: – radial fossa – articulates with radius Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8– 4 a The Humerus. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8– 4 b The Humerus. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Forearm (also called the antebrachium) § Consists of two long bones § Ulna (medial) § Radius (lateral) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Ulna § The olecranon § Superior end of ulna § Point of elbow § Superior lip of trochlear notch § Articulates with trochlea of humerus § The coronoid process § Inferior lip of trochlear notch Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Ulna § Articulations with the humerus § Forearm extended: – olecranon enters olecranon fossa § Forearm flexed: – coronoid process enters coronoid fossa § Other articulations § Radial notch: – articulates with head of radius – forms proximal radio-ulnar joint § Ulnar head: – prominent styloid process – attaches to articular disc between forearm and wrist Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8– 5 a The Radius and Ulna. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Ulna § Interosseous membrane § A fibrous sheet § Connects lateral margin of ulnar shaft to radius Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Radius § Lateral bone of forearm § Disk-shaped radial head above the neck § Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches biceps § Articulations of the radius § Ulnar notch: – distal end – articulates with wrist and radius § Styloid process: – stabilizes wrist joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8– 5 b The Radius and Ulna. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § Eight carpal bones § Four proximal carpal bones § Four distal carpal bones § Allow wrist to bend and twist Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Four Proximal Carpal Bones § Scaphoid § Near styloid process § Lunate § Medial to scaphoid § Triquetrum § Medial to lunate bone § Pisiform § Anterior to triquetrum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § The Four Distal Carpal Bones § Trapezium § Lateral § Trapezoid § Medial to trapezium § Capitate § Largest § Hamate § Medial, distal Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8– 6 Bones of the Wrist and Hand. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs § Metacarpal Bones § The five long bones of the hand § Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial § Articulate with proximal phalanges § Phalanges of the Hands (14 total finger bones) § Pollex (thumb) § Two phalanges (proximal, distal) § Fingers § Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8– 6 a Bones of the Wrist and Hand. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8– 6 b Bones of the Wrist and Hand. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle § Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones) § Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement § Part of the pelvis § Coxal bones § Made up of three fused bones § Ilium (articulates with sacrum) § Ischium § Pubis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle § Coxal Bones § The acetabulum § Also called the hip socket § Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis § Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone) § Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface) § Acetabular notch § A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8– 7 a The Right Coxal Bone. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8– 7 b The Right Coxal Bone. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle § Marks of the Ilium § Greater sciatic notch § For sciatic nerve § Iliac crest § Upper brim § Iliac fossa § Depression between iliac crest and arcuate line Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle § Marks of the Ischium § Ischial spine § Above lesser sciatic notch § Ischial tuberosity § Posterior projection you sit on § Ischial ramus § Meets inferior ramus of pubis § Superior ramus § Meets pubic tubercle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle § Marks of the Pubis § Pubic symphysis § Gap between pubic tubercles § Padded with fibrous cartilage § Obturator foramen § Formed by ischial and pubic rami § Attaches hip muscles § Pectineal line § Ridge of superior ramus of pubis § Continues to iliac crest as arcuate line (both of the ilium) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8– 7 The Right Coxal Bone. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle § Coxal Bones § Articulations of the pelvic girdle § Sacroiliac joint – Articulation of posterior auricular surface of ilium – With the sacrum – Stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity § The Pelvis § Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx § Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae 3 D Rotation of Pelvis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8– 8 a The Pelvis. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8– 8 b The Pelvis. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle § Divisions of the Pelvis § True pelvis § Encloses pelvic cavity § Pelvic brim: – upper edge of true pelvis – encloses pelvic inlet § Perineum region: – inferior edges of true pelvis – forms pelvic outlet – perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity § False pelvis: § Blades of ilium above arcuate line Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8– 9 a Divisions of the Pelvis. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8– 9 b Divisions of the Pelvis. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8– 9 c Divisions of the Pelvis. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle § Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis § Female pelvis § Smoother and lighter § Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments § Pelvis modifications for Childbearing – – – enlarged pelvic outlet broad pubic angle (>100°) less curvature of sacrum and coccyx wide, circular pelvic inlet broad, low pelvis ilia project laterally, not upwards Male and Female Pelvis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8– 10 Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8– 10 a Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8– 10 b Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § Functions of the lower limbs § Weight bearing § Motion Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § Bones of the Lower Limbs § Femur (thigh) § Patella (kneecap) § Tibia and fibula (leg) § Tarsals (ankle) § Metatarsals (foot) § Phalanges (toes) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § The Femur § The proximal epiphysis § Femoral head: – articulates with pelvis at acetabulum – attaches at fovea capitis § The neck: – Narrow area between head and trochanters – Joins shaft at angle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § The Femur § The proximal epiphysis § Trochanters: – greater trochanter and lesser trochanter: » tendon attachments – intertrochanteric line (anterior) and intertrochanteric crest (posterior): » mark edge of articular capsule Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § The Femur § The shaft § Linea aspera: – most prominent ridge of shaft – attaches hip muscles – joins epicondyles § The distal epiphysis § Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle: – above the knee joint § Medial condyle and lateral condyle: – separated by intercondylar fossa and patellar surface – form part of knee joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8– 11 The Femur. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8– 11 a The Femur. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8– 11 b The Femur. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § The Patella § Also called the kneecap § A sesamoid bone § Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris § Base attaches quadriceps femoris § Apex attaches patellar ligament Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8– 12 The Right Patella. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8– 12 The Right Patella. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § The Tibia § Also called the shinbone § Supports body weight § Larger than fibula § Medial to fibula Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § The Tibia § The proximal epiphysis § Medial and lateral tibial condyles: – separated by intercondylar eminence – articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur § Tibial tuberosity: – attaches patellar ligament Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § The Tibia § The shaft § Anterior margin: – sharp ridge of shinbone § The distal epiphysis § Medial malleolus: – medial projection at the ankle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § The Fibula § Attaches muscles of feet and toes § Smaller than tibia § Lateral to tibia Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § The Fibula § Articulations with tibia § Fibula/tibia articulations: – head – inferior tibiofibular joint § Interosseous membrane: – binds fibula to tibia § Lateral malleolus: – lateral projection of ankle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8– 13 The Tibia and Fibula. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8– 13 a The Tibia and Fibula. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8– 13 b The Tibia and Fibula. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § The Ankle § Also called the tarsus § Consists of seven tarsal bones § Bones of the ankle § Talus: – carries weight from tibia across trochlea § Calcaneus (heel bone): – transfers weight from talus to ground – attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon § Cuboid: – articulates with calcaneus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § The Ankle § Bones of the ankle § Navicular: – articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones § Medial cuneiform § Intermediate cuneiform § Lateral cuneiform Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8– 14 a Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § Metatarsal Bones of the Foot § Five long bones of foot § Numbered I–V, medial to lateral § Articulate with toes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § Phalanges of the foot § Phalanges § 14 bones of the toes § Hallux § Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal) § Other four toes § Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8– 14 a Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs § Arches of the Feet § Arches transfer weight from one part of the foot to another § The longitudinal arch § Calcaneal portion: – lateral § Talar portion: – medial § The transverse arch § Formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8– 14 b Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Individual Skeleton Variation § Studying the Skeleton § Reveals characteristics § Muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone mass) § Medical history (condition of teeth, healed fractures) § Sex and age (bone measurements and fusion) § Body size Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Individual Skeleton Variation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Individual Skeleton Variation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Individual Skeleton Variation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Individual Skeleton Variation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings