Chapter 8 Structural Sources of Societal Change Economic
- Slides: 15
Chapter 8 Structural Sources of Societal Change: Economic and Demographic In Conflict and Order: Understanding Society, 11 th edition This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Globalization and the Structural Transformation of the Economy • Two fundamental turning point in human history – The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution which began around 8000 B. C. – The Industrial Revolution which began in the 1780 s
Structural Changes in the U. S. Economy Resulting from Globalization • The Changing Nature of Jobs in the U. S. – The demand for workers has shifter from physical labor to cognitive abilities in the U. S. – Technological changes has led to a loss of jobs – The Internet is revolutionizing how business is transacted.
Structural Changes in the U. S. Economy Resulting from Globalization • Job Insecurity – With declining profits, companies downsized. – The movement of capital and jobs to other countries caused a decline in jobs. – The least secure are minorities, women and the working poor. – Job insecurity is heightened by mergers Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
Figure 8. 1 – The Number of Parents Experiencing Long-Term Unemployment Nearly Tripled between 2000 and 2003 (Parents Unemployed Longer than 26 Weeks, Annual Averages) Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, January 2000 -December 2003. Calculation by Children’s Defense Fund. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
Structural Changes in the U. S. Economy Resulting from Globalization • Declining Middle Class – The middle class is declining and the gap between the haves and have-nots is expanding. • Loss of jobs in the well-paid industrial sector • Companies moved to new localities • Even workers who remain in the declining manufacturing industries experience a decline in their standard of living Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
Structural Changes in the U. S. Economy Resulting from Globalization • The Increase in the Working Poor – About 1/7 th of all poor people work full-time for the entire year. • The New Poor – Are more trapped in poverty Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
The New Immigration and the Changing Racial Landscape First Wave 1790 -1820 mainly English-speaking Britons Second Wave 1840 s-1850 s mostly Irish and Germans Third Wave 1880 -1914 mostly Southern and Eastern Europeans Fourth Wave 1965 -today immigrants from the Third World, especially Asia and Latin America Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
Figure 8. 3 – U. S. Population by Race, 1980, 1990, 2000, and Projected 2050 Sources: U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1996. Current Population Reports, Series P 25 -1130. Washington DC: U. S. Government Printing Office: U. S. Bureau of the Census, 2000. Available online: www. census. gov/population/www/cen 2000. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
Consequences of the New Immigration • Increasing Diversity – More than 1/4 th of the people in the U. S. are African American, Latino, Asian or Native American. – Racial Minorities are increasing faster than the majority population. – African Americans have lost their position as the most numerous racial minority. – Immigration now accounts for a large share of the nation’s population growth. – New patterns of immigration are changing the racial composition of society. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
Consequences of the New Immigration (continued) • The Reaction of the Hosts to the New Immigrants – Do immigrants take jobs from U. S. citizens? – Are immigrants a drain on society’s resources? – Will the increasing proportion of non-whites, fueled by immigration, lead to a blurring of racial lines or heightening of tensions among the races/ethnic groups? Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
Immigration and Agency • The effects of migration on immigrants: ethnic identity or assimilation? – Assimilation • The process in which individuals or groups adopt the culture of another group, losing their original identity • Three effects of the new immigration – An increased bifurcation between the haves and the have-nots – Increased racial diversity – Heightened tension among the races Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
The Aging Society • The Demographics of an Aging Society – In 2000 • there were more than 35 million Americans age 65 and older • there were 4. 3 million Americans age 85 and older • Older women outnumber men by a ration of 3 to 2 • Racial/ethnic minorities are underrepresented among the elderly Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
Figure 8. 6 – U. S. Population Age 85 and Older, 1900 to 2050 (in Millions) Source: Frank B. Hobbs with Bonnie L. Damon, 1996. “ 65+ in the United States. ” Current Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007 Population Reports, P 23 -290: 2 -8.
Problems of an Aging Society Inadequate income from pensions or Social Security The high cost of elderly healthcare Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
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