Chapter 8 Spiritual and Cultural Perspectives Delmar Learning
- Slides: 38
Chapter 8 Spiritual and Cultural Perspectives Delmar Learning Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Spirituality is “A unifying force of a person; the essence of being that permeates all of life and is manifested in one’s being, knowing, and doing; the interconnectedness with self, others, nature, and God/Life Force/Absolute/Transcendent”. (Dossey & Guzzeta, 2000, p. 7). Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Culture is The values, beliefs, norms, and practices of a particular group that are learned and shared and that guide thinking, decisions, and actions in a patterned way. (Leininger, 1991) Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Cultural Values • Healing practices • Cultural competence Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Spirituality • Cornerstone of nursing practice • Broader concept than religion • A personal quest for meaning and purpose in life • Harmonious interconnectedness • Core of health and healing Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
A Holistic Model of Spirituality (Canda and Furman, 1999) • Spirituality as the Center of the Person § § Spiritual Aspect Biological Aspect Sociological Aspect Psychological Aspect • Spirituality as wholeness of the person in relation with all Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Religion is “An organized system of beliefs shared by a group of people and the practices, including worship, related to that system” (Burkhardt & Jacobson, 2000, p. 92). Religion is a matter of choice Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Health as a state of wholeness • Relationship between spirituality and health Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Spiritual Health Indicators • Life meaning and purpose • Sense of connectedness • Sense of joy, peace, inner strength Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Spiritual Distress is “A disturbance in the belief or value system that provides strength, hope, and meaning in life”. (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, 1999, p. 852) Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Spiritual Distress may be experienced when there is • Loss or confusion related to the purpose of life • Loss of connectedness • Conflicts related to beliefs, values, and spiritual practices Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Signs of Spiritual Distress • • Fear Doubt Depression Despair Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Spiritual Assessment • Comprehensive assessment of the client’s spiritual belief system • Aspects § § § Meaning and purpose Inner strengths Interconnections Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Healing Practices for Restoring Wholeness • Role of food and its rituals in sustaining health • Communication with a God-force • Positive affirmations • Avoidance of negative thinking or judgments • Being in right relationship with self and others Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Spiritual Self-care • • Reflection Taking time for oneself Taking time for what is important to you Nourish one’s own spirit Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Nursing Interventions for Restoring Wholeness • Therapeutic communication skills § § § Attentive listening Focused presence Sharing Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
The Need for Cultural Understanding and Sensitivity • Traditionally described using the “melting pot” metaphor • Racially diverse population • Population trends • Cultural diversity Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Cultural Competence in Community Health Nursing • Three levels of relationship development § § § Conceptual Behavioral Cultural • Cultural compatibility hypothesis • Universalistic argument Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Cultural Sensitivity • Cultural competence • Stereotyping Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Four Levels of Cultural Competence • • Unconscious incompetence Conscious competence Unconscious competence Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Culturally Diverse Care Utilizing different nursing approaches to provide culturally appropriate care to a heterogeneous client population Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Transcultural Nursing “A learned humanistic and scientific area of formal study and practice which is focused upon differences and similarities among cultures with respect to human care, health (or well-being), and illness based upon the people’s cultural values, beliefs, and practices” (Leininger, 1991, p. 55) Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Leininger’s Sunrise Model • • • Components of Culture Health Needs Folk Health System Professional Health System Nursing End result = Culturally Congruent Nursing Care Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Giger and Davidhizar Model (1999) • Six cultural phenomena § § § Communication Space Time Environmental control Biologic variations Social organization Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Cultural Beliefs and Values of the Nurse • Cultural competence • Personal values clarification Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Values of U. S. Culture (Leininger, 1978) • • • Independence Equality Efficiency Individuality Justice Privacy Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Values of U. S. Culture (Leininger, 1978) (cont. ) • • • Materialism Competition Freedom of speech Enterprise Action Worship Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Family Folk Health Practices • Pregnancy, birth, and postpartum period • Infants and small children • Children Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Family Folk Health Practices (cont. ) • All ages § § Nutrition Herbal remedies Traditional practitioners Treatments Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Religion: Bridging Culture and Spirituality • Primal Religions of the World § § § Honor the spoken word Honor the sacred place Foundational beliefs Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Historical Religions of the World • Founded in concrete events • Sacred texts • Cumulative traditions Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Hinduism • Oldest religion • Purpose of life = attainment of enlightenment • Health practices Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Buddhism • Four noble truths • Deny existence of a personal Creator – God • Emphasize personal responsibility • Right living • Healthy lifestyle • Nonviolence Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Judaism • • • Only one God Humans are to love, praise and serve God Family as basic unit of society Sabbath Regulations regarding permitted and forbidden foods • Regulations regarding caring for the sick and dying Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Christianity • Belief in one God • Holy trinity – the Father, the Son, the Holy Spirit • Bible source of inspiration • Use of prayer to support those who are ill Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Islam • • Does not believe in God Believes in Allah Koran Rituals of faith Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Religion as a Vehicle for Expressing Spirituality Nursing role § § Acknowledge, honor, respect patient’s religious views Work with patient to meet spiritual needs Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Caring and Cultural Diversity • Universal desire for caring • Caring is expressed differently among cultures • Caring is the antidote to human suffering Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company