Chapter 8 Solids Liquids and Gases Sections 1

Matter and Temperature • States of Matter: – Solids – Liquids – Gas –

Solids • Has a definite shape and volume • Kinetic Theory of Matter –

Crystalline Solids • Crystalline solids – solids in which particles are arranged in repeating

Noncrystalline Solids • Appear to be solids but are not made of crystals. •

Liquids • Flows and take the shape of its container • Can’t normally be

Gases • “springy” meaning they expand or contract to fill the space available to

Plasma • A gas-like mixture of positively and negatively charged particles. • Examples: the

Thermal Expansion • Almost all matter expands as it is heated and contracts as

Science and Society • Polluted water – water that contains such high levels of

Section 4 • Pressure – the amount of force exerted per unit area. –

Boyle’s Law • If you decrease the volume of a container of gas, the

Charles’s Law • The volume of a gas will increase with increasing temperature provided

Section 3 • Evaporation – a liquid changes to a gas gradually at temperatures

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Chapter 8 Solids, Liquids, and Gases Sections 1 and 2 Notes

Matter and Temperature • States of Matter: – Solids – Liquids – Gas – Plasma

Solids • Has a definite shape and volume • Kinetic Theory of Matter – tiny particles are in constant motion, and tiny particles make up all matter.

Crystalline Solids • Crystalline solids – solids in which particles are arranged in repeating geometric patterns. • Examples: snowflakes, table salt

Noncrystalline Solids • Appear to be solids but are not made of crystals. • Often called amorphous solids. • Amorphous means “having no form”

Liquids • Flows and take the shape of its container • Can’t normally be squeezed into a smaller volume • Particles have enough energy to move around each other

Gases • “springy” meaning they expand or contract to fill the space available to them and can be squeezed into a smaller space. • Has neither a definite shape or definite volume.

Plasma • A gas-like mixture of positively and negatively charged particles. • Examples: the sun, the tube in a fluorescent light

Thermal Expansion • Almost all matter expands as it is heated and contracts as it cools = thermal expansion.

Science and Society • Polluted water – water that contains such high levels of unwanted materials that it is unacceptable for drinking or other specific purposes. • Thermal pollution – excess heat in the water due to industrial release into rivers/streams.

Section 4 • Pressure – the amount of force exerted per unit area. – P = F/A - Measured in Pascals (Pa)

Boyle’s Law • If you decrease the volume of a container of gas, the pressure of the gas will increase provided that the temperature does not change. (the opposite is true, increasing the volume cause the pressure to go down)

Charles’s Law • The volume of a gas will increase with increasing temperature provided that the pressure does not change. • Do pg. 231, 1 -3

Section 3 • Evaporation – a liquid changes to a gas gradually at temperatures below the boiling point. • Sublimation – a solid changes to a gas directly without going through the liquid state • Condensation – when a gas changes to a liquid. • Heat of fusion – the amount of energy needed to change a solid to the liquid state. • Heat of vaporization – the amount of energy needed to change a liquid to a gas. • Do pg. 227: 1 -4