Chapter 8 Securing the Republic 1790 1815 TIMELINE

Chapter 8 Securing the Republic, 1790– 1815

TIMELINE – Constitution Signed: 1787 (Sept. 17) – 39 out of 55 delegates sign the Constitution http: //colonialhall. com/biousc. php – Ratification of Constitution: 1788 (Feb. 7) – 9 out of 13 states Constitution Ratified http: //www. archives. gov/education/lessons/constitution-day/ratification. html – Election of George Washington: 1789 (April 30) George Washington NYC (temporary capitol) John Adams becomes VP http: //www. archives. gov/legislative/features/gw-inauguration/ – 1792 George Washington reelected

GEORGE WASHINGTON 1789 – 1797 TERM - Served 2 Terms (8 years): set a precedent 1789 - Electoral College unanimously elects Washington (got all 69 electoral votes, 34 votes to VP Adams http: //www. mountvernon. org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/ 1792 - Electoral College unanimously elects Washington (got all 132 electoral votes, 15 states) http: //www. mountvernon. org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1792/ Biography – Washington (4: 45): https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=hv. E 9 fb--Dig President Washington embodied national unity and the virtue of republican self-sacrifice, having retired from public life after the war. His vice-president, John Adams, was an important political leader of the Revolution.

George Washington’s Cabinet http: //www. pbs. org/wnet/historyofus/web 02/segment 7. html – John Adams, Vice President – Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State – Alexander Hamilton as head of the Treasury Department. – Henry Knox, Secretary of War – Edmund Randolph, Attorney General – John Jay, Chief Justice From the left are Henry Knox, Secretary of War, Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, and Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury (standing next to President Washington on the right). The man with his back turned is Edmund Randolph, who was the first Attorney General. Not pictured is Washington's first Postmaster General, Samuel Osgood.

Judiciary Act of 1789 http: //www. ushistory. org/gov/9 b. asp Establishes Federal Court System: 6 Supreme Court Justices • 3 Circuit Courts of Appeals – (3 judges circulate, visit each district 2 X/yr) – (Today: 13 appellate courts- US Courts of Appeals] • 13 Lower Federal District Courts – (Today: 94 organized into 12 regional circuits] (Constitution established Supreme Court and left the design of the lower courts up to Congress) [Today: 9 justices]

Hamilton’s Economic Program Alexander Hamilton: Biography • Federalist Papers: Strong supporter of ratification • Secretary of Treasury What: A financial plan proposed by Hamilton frayed national unity. Purpose: • Stabilize the nation’s economy • Foster economic development by advocating commercialism and manufacturing • United States to become a world military and commercial power

Hamilton’s Economic Program Report on Public Credit– Improve nation’s credit & pay debt US owed an enormous amount of money to creditors – Pay off domestic an foreign debt improve nation’s credit rating – Assume state debts – State debts controversial : Southern states had little to none, whereas states like Massachusetts carried significant debt (Why should Virginia share the burden of Massachusetts debt? )

Hamilton’s Economic Program Establish a Bank of the United States (National Bank) - BUS – modeled on the Bank of England – Regulate money supply and credit rate of loans – that would act as the nation’s financial agent— • Provide centralized location for government deposits • Institution for taxes to paid into • Allow government to borrow money • Lend money to new industries • Agent to sell government bonds

Hamilton’s Economic Program • Tax Whiskey - To raise revenue • Report on Manufactures, – Promote US manufacturing • Government subsidies to develop factories that would produce U. S. goods – Tariffs to protect American industry from foreign competition – Develop industry over agriculture – Become less dependent on foreign goods

Hamilton’s Economic Program • Favor Trade with Great Britain • Supporters: Federalists, American financiers, manufacturers, and merchants supported Hamilton’s vision of the nation as a powerful commercial republic

Rise of Political Parties 1791 – 1816 Federalists & Democratic-Republicans • 1 st TWO-PARTY Political system after the Federalists and Anti-federalists debated the ratification of the Constitution • Division over power in the central government, economy, interpretation of the Constitution, and foreign policy • Federalist favored an active and strong central government • Democratic-Republicans favored weak central government with protected States' Rights.

Elastic Clause Necessary and Proper Clause The Congress shall have Power To . . . make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. • ARTICLE I, SECTION 8, CLAUSE 18

Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury Federalist Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State Democratic – Republicans Jeffersonian-Republicans

RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES - THE FIRST PARTY SYSTEM Federalists Hamilton Strong CENTRAL government Democratic-Republicans Jeffersonian - Republicans LEADERS FEDERALIST Jefferson States' Rights Anarchy / Mob Rule FEARS Loose Construction (Elastic Clause) Urban (Commerce) CONSTITUTION SUPPORT BASE Rural (Agrarian) YES GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN THE ECONOMY NO (Laissez Faire) YES NATIONAL BANK NO YES PROTECTIVE TARIFF NO YES Tyranny Strict Construction (interpretation) FEDERAL ASSUPMPTION OF NO STATE WAR DEBTS

National Bank Debate Hamilton (Loose Constructionist) – • power to charter corporations is within the power of any government • "necessary and proper" for helping the government to execute it enumerated powers in the financial sector (collect taxes, borrow money, coin money)

National Bank Debate Jefferson (Strict Constructionist) – • a national bank is unconstitutional • increases government role in economy too much • Helps commercial and manufacturing interests -> hurts farmers • States’ Rights: 10 th Amendment reserves to the states and people those powers not delegated to Congress

Hamilton’s Economic Plan President George Washington signed Hamilton’s Economic Plan into law despite Jefferson and Madison advising him not to. Jefferson and Madison (South/Democratic. Republicans) opposed the BUS, but Congress passed it, President Washington signed the bill 1791

This general principle is inherent in the very definition of Government and essential to every step of the progress to be made. . . that Every power vested in a Government is in its nature sovereign, and includes by force of the term, a right to employ all the means requisite, and fairly applicable to the attainment of the ends of such power; and which are not precluded by restrictions and exceptions specified in the constitution, or not immoral, or not contrary to the essential ends of political society. It has been much urged that a bank will give great facility, or convenience in the collection of taxes. Suppose this were true: yet the constitution allows only the means which are "necessary" not those which are merely "convenient" for effecting the enumerated powers. If such a latitude of construction be allowed to this phrase as to give any non-enumerated power, it will go to every one, for [there] is no one which ingenuity may not torture into a convenience, in some way or other, to some one of so long a list of enumerated powers.

Jeffersonian-Hamiltonian Bargain Jefferson and James Madison (Virginia): Democratic - Republicans • argued against Hamilton's economic plan • State Debt: disagree with the central government assuming state debt because southern states (except SC) had paid down their debt while New England still carried significant debt. • South lacked investors & owners of government bonds, support for manufacturing was weak, and these states had paid off much of their war debt • North stood to be the greatest beneficiary w/ the largest debts.

Strict Construction & Loose Construction of the Constitution • Debate over National Bank led to the question of how to interpret the Constitution: • Strict Construction - federal government can only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution (Congress only has power explicitly listed) • Loose Construction - federal government can exercise powers that are implied by the Constitution (Congress has implied powers, Article I, Section 8 Necessary and Proper clause)

Jeffersonian-Hamiltonian Bargain: to earn Democratic-Republican and southern votes for Hamilton’s economic plan, (Federalists) Northern states 1. Agree to locate the capitol to be moved to the Potomac River between Maryland Virginia 2. Capitol would then be located closer to the South (Washington D. C. ) 3. Support Hamilton’s Economic Plan (Assumption Bill) Locations of the US capital Final location of the US capital Pierre-Charles L’Enfant’s 1791 Plans for the capitol in Washington DC http: //www. smithsonianmag. com/arts-culture/brief-history-of-lenfant. html

Political Parties FEDERALISTS Alexander Hamilton, Sec. of Treasury • Loose Constructionist • Support strong central government • Support Hamilton's economic plan (National bank, National Debt assume state debts) • North – merchants, industry, manufacturing, bankers, business • French Revolution - against it • Support British alliance

Political Parties Democratic-Republicans – Thomas Jefferson, Sec. of State • Strict Constructionist • Support small government society of Farmers, South • Oppose Hamilton's economic policies (assume state debt, national bank unconstitutional, promotes manufacturing over agriculture, manufacturing only helps North • Hamilton’s plans for close ties with Britain alarmed James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, who looked not to Europe but westward expansion at the plan for the nation • French Revolution. - support French cause for liberty • Support a French alliance • Threat to Liberty alliance of Federal Government with capitalists VIDEO (4: 18) – Federalists v Democratic-Republicans: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_Kn. PB 37 YB 7 I

The Impact of the French Revolution • French Revolution Video • The French Revolution of 1789 deepened political divisions in America. At first almost all Americans celebrated the Revolution, as it seemed inspired by their own revolution and republic. But the turn in France in 1793 to a more radical revolution, marked by the execution of King Louis XVI and aristocrats and war between France and Great Britain, polarized Americans.

Jefferson and Democratic-Republicans SUPPORT French Revolution Jefferson: • United States should support the French Republic • Existence of the United States depended on European nations adopting republican governments. • Did not condone the excesses of the French Revolution, he found a violent revolution preferable to a continued state of absolute monarchy in France.

Hamilton and Federalists OPPPOSE French Revolution Hamilton: • A threat to the stability of Europe • Reflected mob rule and radicalism (reign of terror)

• § § § Politics in an Age of Passion Washington’s Administration Jefferson and his followers thought: (Democratic-Republicans) – the French Revolution, despite its extremism, was a victory for self-government everywhere. Washington, Hamilton and their followers thought: (Federalists) the Revolution invited anarchy, and they believed America should befriend Britain. Genet Affair, 1793 Since the Revolution (1778), the United States had been a permanent ally of France. Neutrality (1793) - Washington declared that the United States would be neutral in the war between France and Britain. Washington wanted to expel a French envoy, Edmond Genet, for trying to recruit American ships to attack British vessels (shore French support). At the same time, Britain seized American ships and sailors. Jay Treaty (1794)- John Jay negotiated a controversial treaty Goal: protest British impressment and trade blockages with French West Indies British agree to abandon Forts in US and US will favor British imports. Effectively cancelled the American-French alliance and recognized British commercial and naval supremacy.

The Whiskey Rebellion - 1794 Background: http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/duel/peopleevents/pande 22. html Video (9: 19) : http: //historicalspotlight. com/the-whiskey-rebellion-video/ When armed frontier farmers in Pennsylvania tried to prevent the collection of the whiskey tax in 1794, invoking the Revolution and liberty (Liberty or Death) Washington dispatched troops to the region to suppress them. The rebels offered no resistance, and the rebellion reinforced Federalists’ fear of popular democracy. Who? PA Backcountry Farmers (tax affected farmers between Georgia to Pennsylvania Appalachian Mountains) What - distilled corn/ rye or peaches / apples, much more profitable than shipping bulking crops to seaboard markets Profit - Bushel of corn worth 25 cent, 2 1/2 gallons of liquor worth 10 X Why - most Americans drank alcoholic beverages in 18 th and early 19 th century; cheaper than tea and water often contaminated (beer, hard cider, ale, wine, rum, brandy, whiskey) Conflict? Hamilton's economic plan taxes whiskey • 1794 - PA backcountry farmers rebel against tax and George Washington assembled 13, 000 militiamen from VA, MD, PA, NJ led by General Henry Lee • 500 armed men burned a federal tax collectors house • rebels destroyed the stills of people who paid the whiskey tax • stopped court proceedings • threatened an assault on Pittsburgh Pres. Washington accompanied troops for a few days, hoping to show the strength of this new government. Event led some sympathizers for backcountry farmers and excessive force used to become Republicans.

Politics in an Age of Passion The Republican Party • The Republicans, led by Madison and Jefferson, seemed to embrace popular politics. They supported France and had more faith in democratic self-government. Southern planters, ordinary farmers around the country, and urban artisans who sympathized with the French Revolution supported this party. They were far more critical of social and economic inequality, and more congenial to broad democratic participation by ordinary Americans, than the Federalists. • Each party believed that only itself was legitimate and representative of all the nation’s interests. The other party was deemed an illegitimate “faction” and enemy of American liberty and the Revolution’s principles. • Support France • Critical of social and economic inequality • Support broad democratic participation

Politics in an Age of Passion An Expanding Public Sphere • The partisanship of the 1790 s expanded the public sphere and the democratic content of American freedom. It increased the number of citizens who attended political events and read newspapers. Ordinary men never before active in politics wrote pamphlets and organized political meetings. • Press Expands: 1790’s 100 -260 newspapers 1810400 newspapers » Post Offices 1000 created increased circulation of letters, printed material (increase communication) The Democratic-Republican Societies • These men included members of the Democratic-Republican societies, inspired by the Jacobin clubs of Paris. They openly supported the French Revolution and praised American and French liberty. Federalists viewed them as illegitimately usurping the representative authority of the government; Washington dismissed them as “self-created societies. ” They justified their existence by claiming that the people had a right to debate political questions and organize to influence government policy. They believed political liberty involved more than just voting, and included popular organizing and pressure tactics, too. Although the societies soon disappeared, they were absorbed by the emerging Republican party, which also found support among radical British immigrants who defended the French Revolution, such as Thomas Paine. • 1793 -1794 about 50 Democratic-Republican Societies Republican Newspapers publicized meetings Promote French and American Liberty right to debate political issues, influence policy Federalists fear excess of liberty • •

Politics in an Age of Passion The Rights of Women • The democratic spirit of the 1790 s also invigorated discussion of women’s rights. a small but growing number of women published political and literary writings in American newspapers. • Judith Sargent Murray – – wrote essays for the Massachusetts Magazine under the Gleaner – educated at home alongside her brother – Wrote : “On the Equality of the Sexes”: (1779) women should have equal access to education & intellectually inferior to men because denied education http: //www. nwhm. org/education-resources/biography/biographies/judith-sargent-murray/ • Mary Wollstonecraft – (1792) – – In England, she wrote pamphlet a Vindication of the Rights of Women promoted greater access to education Influenced by Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man Daughter, Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstien http: //www. biography. com/people/mary-wollstonecraft-9535967

Politics in an Age of Passion The Rights of Women • The democratic spirit of the 1790 s also invigorated discussion of women’s rights. a small but growing number of women published political and literary writings in American newspapers. • Judith Sargent Murray – wrote essays for the Massachusetts Magazine under the Gleaner , she was educated at home alongside her brother, Wrote “On the Equality of the Sexes”: (1779) women should have equal access to education / intellectually inferior to men because denied education http: //www. nwhm. org/education-resources/biography/biographies/judith-sargent-murray/ • Mary Wollstonecraft – (1792)In England, she wrote pamphlet a Vindication of the Rights of Women which promoted greater access to education and paid employment (help them be more capable wives and mothers) http: //www. biography. com/people/mary-wollstonecraft-9535967 • Hannah Adams – Mass. , 1 st Amer. Woman to support herself as an author (religious history, history of New England) Women and the Republic • Women were still not part of the body politic. Although women were counted in determining representation in Congress and nothing in the Constitution explicitly limited rights to men, the document and almost all Americans assumed that politics was an exclusively male sphere.

The Adams Presidency The Election of 1796 Biography – John Adams: • • http: //www. biography. com/people/john-adams-37967 George Washington was re-elected unanimously in 1792, but he decided to retire from public life in 1796 and set a precedent that the presidency should not be a life-long office. I In his Farewell Address, Washington warned against parties and partisanship and urged Americans to avoid Europe’s power politics by refusing to embrace “permanent alliances” with other nations. • The election of 1796 was the first contested presidential election. John Adams with Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina ran for the Federalists, and Thomas Jefferson, with Aaron Burr of New York, ran for the Republicans. Although Adams won the presidency with the most electoral votes, Jefferson received more votes than Pinckney, so he became Adams’s vice-president. • Adams was brilliant but disliked by nearly everyone, even his supporters, and his administration faced constant crisis. Although the United States was neutral in the war between France and Britain, it defended its right to trade with both nations. In 1797, before negotiating the renewal of France’s treaty with the United States, French officials demanded bribes. Outraged, Adams publicized the affair, and soon U. S. and French ships were engaged in a “quasi-war” at sea. America had effectively became an ally of Great Britain in the European war. In 1800, Adams negotiated a peace with France. •

The Election of 1796 The Adams Presidency • Adams won with 71 electoral votes • Jefferson became Vice President • Problem: – Adams (Federalist) & Jefferson (Democratic. Republican) are divided by political party – Both were running for President

The Adams Presidency The “Reign of Witches” • • The most controversial act of the Adams administration was the Alien and Sedition Acts, passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress in 1798. The acts made it harder for immigrants to become naturalized citizens and allowed the deportation of immigrants deemed “dangerous” by federal authorities, moves meant to silence immigrant radicals who supported the Republicans and the French. They also authorized the prosecution of any assembly or publication critical of the government. This was meant to allow federal authorities to suppress Republican newspapers attacking the Adams administration and its policies. Jefferson, referring to the Salem witch trials, believed these acts inaugurated a “reign of witches. ” More than a dozen individuals were charged with sedition, many of whom were convicted, including Matthew Lyons, a Republican member of Congress. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Instead of squelching the opposition, the Alien and Sedition Acts provoked more of it by making an issue out of free speech. Madison and Jefferson drafted resolutions to be passed by the Virginia and Kentucky legislatures. Both criticized the acts as violations of the First Amendment. The original draft of Jefferson’s resolution asserted that states could unilaterally stop the enforcement of such laws within their borders—but the Kentucky legislature deleted this passage before passing its resolution. While many Americans were repelled by the idea that states could refuse to follow federal laws, more Americans believed the Alien and Sedition Acts violated protections for free speech enshrined in the Constitution.

The Adams Presidency The “Revolution of 1800” • The most controversial act of the Adams administration was the Alien and Sedition Acts, passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress in 1798. The acts made it harder for immigrants to become naturalized citizens and allowed the deportation of immigrants deemed “dangerous” by federal authorities, moves meant to silence immigrant radicals who supported the Republicans and the French. They also authorized the prosecution of any assembly or publication critical of the government. This was meant to allow federal authorities to suppress Republican newspapers attacking the Adams administration and its policies. • Jefferson, referring to the Salem witch trials, believed these acts inaugurated a “reign of witches. ” More than a dozen individuals were charged with sedition, many of whom were convicted, including Matthew Lyons, a Republican member of Congress.

The “Revolution of 1800” The Adams Presidency • Jefferson defeated Adams in the 1800 presidential campaign • A constitutional crisis emerged with the election – Jefferson and his Vice Presidential candidate Aaron Burr tied (71 electoral votes) – House of Representatives decide, Hamilton pushes House of Representatives to support Jefferson • 12 th Amendment • Hamilton-Burr duel • Adams’s acceptance of defeat established a precedent of a peaceful transfer of power from a defeated party to its successor

Map 8. 1 The Presidential Election 1800 Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3

The Adams Presidency Slavery and Politics • Slavery lurked in the background of debates in the 1790 s. Jefferson was elected only because he received all of the South’s electoral college votes. Jeffersonian liberty rested on the fact that three-fifths of the slaves were counted in apportionment. If it had been otherwise, Adams would have been re-elected in 1800. • The first Congress received petitions for the abolition of slavery, including one signed by Benjamin Franklin. Madison and other political leaders, even though they found slavery distasteful, believed that it was too divisive to be made in issue in national politics, and they ignored the petitions.

The Adams Presidency The Haitian Revolution • The Haitian Revolution demonstrated how slavery shaped and warped American freedom. Jeffersonians who celebrated the French Revolution as an advance for liberty were horrified by the slave revolt in 1791 in St. . Domingue, France’s most treasured colonial possession, an island of sugar plantations in the Caribbean. The slaves defeated British and French forces sent to suppress the rebellion, and they declared an independent nation in 1804. • The revolt affirmed the universal appeal of freedom in this age of revolutions, and fostered hopes of freedom among America’s slaves. Whites were generally terrified by the specter of armed slave insurrection, and they interpreted the turmoil in Haiti as a sign that blacks could not govern themselves. Jefferson’s administration hoped to isolate and destroy the hemisphere’s second independent republic. Gabriel’s Rebellion • 1800 also saw a slave revolt in America, led by Gabriel Prosser, a Virginia slave. Plotting to kill whites on the way to Richmond, where they would hold government officials hostage and demand the abolition of slavery, the slave rebels were discovered, arrested, and many of them executed. They were inspired by the language and symbols of the American Revolution, invoked their right to liberty, and compared themselves to George Washington. In response, Virginia passed laws that tightened control over the state’s blacks, made it more difficult for owners to free their slaves, and forced freed slaves to leave the state or return to slavery.

Jefferson in Power ELECTION of 1800 – Winners President Thomas Jefferson (Republican) Vice President Aaron Burr Jefferson’s inauguration in March 4, 801: • He tried to roll back almost everything the Federalists had done by cutting taxes and the size of the government, essentially dismantling the work of the Federalists. • Even though he said that “…We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” he did not follow through with this idea: 1. Jefferson vowed to reduce government, free trade, ensure freedom of religion and the press, and avoid “entangling alliances” with other nations. 2. He sought to dismantle much of the Federalist edifice and prevent the kind of centralized state Federalists promoted. 3. Pardoned those jailed under the Sedition Act 4. Reduced the army and navy and the number of government employees 5. Abolished all taxes except for the tariff, and paid off part of the nation’s debt.

Jefferson in Power Judicial Review • Despite Jefferson’s wishes, the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall, a Federalist and Adams appointee, increased its power during his administration. • Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Marshall Court established the right of the Supreme Count to determine whether an act of Congress violates the Constitution—the power known as “judicial review. ” The Marshall Court also soon established the right of the nation’s highest court to determine the constitutionality of state laws. • Fletcher v Peck (1810), Court extended judicial review to states (exercised authority to overturn a state law that the Court considered in violation of the US Constitution)

Jefferson in Power The Louisiana Purchase Jefferson’s Purchase is ironic: • Jefferson saw the Louisiana Purchase as his greatest achievement, and yet his view was highly ironic given its origins and character. (Remember he believed in a government had limited powers, restricted to those explicitly in the Constitution – Strict Construction) Louisiana Territory changed hands a couple times before being purchased by the US: • Acquired by Spain in 1762 from France (Seven Years’ War) • Acquired by France in 1800 from Spain • Acquired by US in 1803 from France purchased by Jefferson for the very small sum of $15 million ($250 million today) – Napoleon sold it because the Haitian Revolution, which Jefferson detested, had defeated an overtaxed French military and Napoleon needed funds for campaigns in Europe. A vast Louisiana territory: • Stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. • Americans were happy to secure the port of New Orleans, thus ensuring a previously precarious right to freely trade on the Mississippi. • Doubled the nation’s size and ended France’s presence in North America Federalists Oppose: • Federalists opposed the purchase wasteful / Government doesn’t have the $ and don’t need the land • Jefferson ensured the survival of the agrarian republic of small and independent, virtuous farmers.

Jefferson in Power Lewis and Clark EXPLORE: • Jefferson dispatched two fellow Virginians, Meriwether Lewis & William Clark, to explore the Louisiana Territory PURPOSE: • Find a water route (commercial development) to the Pacific Ocean • conduct scientific and commercial surveys (region’s resources) • develop trade with Indians • finda commercial route to the Pacific Ocean that could foster trade with Asia. SUCCESS & FAILURE: • In two years reached the Pacific Ocean (reaching it in the area of today’s Oregon) and back. • Found global markets had reached the trans-Mississippi West • Brought back plant & animal specimens SACAJAWEA: http: //lewis-clark. org/content-channel. asp? Channel. ID=159 • She acted as a guide and interpreter for the expedition Website to follow their journey: http: //www. nationalgeographic. com/lewisandclark/journey_intro. html Incorporating Louisiana • Incorporating Louisiana, especially the city of New Orleans, was not easy. It had multiple legal and cultural traditions begun there by the Spanish and French. Slaves in New Orleans under these regimes had some limited rights. But even though the treaty said the United States would recognize all previous rights and legal customs, the rights of slaves and blacks were severely circumscribed once the United States took over.

Map 8. 2 The Louisiana Purchase Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd

Jefferson in Power The Barbary Wars • The Louisiana Purchase showed that, despite being far removed from Europe, events across the Atlantic world deeply affected the United States. Because the United States depended on many goods, especially manufactured goods, from Europe, the wars there directly influenced Americans’ livelihoods. Jefferson hoped to avoid becoming entangled in Europe’s wars, but ultimately he could not ignore these struggles. Jefferson, who wanted a diminished central state, used the military to fight the nation’s first war, a war to protect commerce in the Mediterranean. • In North Africa, the Barbary states had long preyed on European and U. S. shipping, although they refrained from attacking ships if a nation paid a hefty tribute. When Jefferson refused demands that the United States increase its tribute, a war between the Barbary states and the United States started, lasting until 1804. The treaty ending the war ensured the freedom to ship freely in the Mediterranean and nearby Atlantic oceans.

Jefferson in Power The Embargo • When war between France and Britain resumed in 1803, each nation imposed a blockade to deny the other’s trade with the United States, which was officially neutral. The British also engaged in the impressment of American sailors, essentially kidnapping them for service in the Royal Navy. Jefferson, believing America’s economy required free trade, enacted the Embargo, which prohibited all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports, to force an end to the blockades. The Embargo stopped almost all American exports, and devastated the nation’s ports, but did not persuade France or Great Britain to end their blockades. In 1809, Jefferson signed the Non-Intercourse Act, which banned trade only with Britain and France, and promised a resumption of trade with either nation if it ended its ban on American shipping. Madison and Pressure for War • In 1808, Jefferson’s successor James Madison easily won election as president. With the Embargo a failure and deeply unpopular, in 1810 Madison forged a new policy in which trade was resumed with both powers, but provided that if either France or Britain stopped interfering with American shipping, the United States could reimpose an embargo on the other nation. France ended its blockade, and the British increased their attacks on American ships and sailors. In 1812, Madison resumed the embargo against Britain. Young Congressmen from the West known as War Hawks, such as Henry Clay of Kentucky and John Calhoun of South Carolina, called for war, in part because it would be an opportunity to conquer Florida and Canada. Others wanted a war to defend the principles of free trade and end Europe’s power over America.

The "Second War of Independence" The Indian Response • Deteriorating relations with Indians in the West also precipitated war. Under Jefferson, the government continued efforts to “civilize” the Indians, even while it made efforts to remove them from their lands to open space for white settlers. Indians in the western territories acquired through the Louisiana Purchase by now were greatly outnumbered by whites, and some tribes, particularly the Creek and Cherokee, began to adopt white ways, such as agriculture and slavery. Others, called “nativists, ” wanted to end European influences and resist white settlement of their lands. In the dozen years before 1812, movements of prophecy and cultural revitalization swept western and southern tribes, calling on Indians to stop the white’s destructive practices, such as gambling and drinking. Tecumseh’s Vision • A more militant position was taken by two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa. They refused to sign treaties with whites and advocated resistance to the federal government, and Tenskwatawa, a prophet, argued that whites were the source of all evil and that Indians should completely separate from everything European. In 1810, Tecumseh organized attacks on frontier settlements. In 1811, William Henry Harrison destroyed the militants’ village at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

The "Second War of Independence" The War of 1812 • • When Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain in 1812, the vote reflected a divided nation. Federalists and Republicans representing northern states, where mercantile and financial interests were concentrated, voted against the war. Southern and western representatives voted overwhelmingly for it. Deeply divided, the U. S. lacked a large navy or army, lacked a central bank (since the Bank of the United States’ charter expired in 1811), and northern merchants and bankers refused to loan money to the government. Britain, even though focused on the war in Europe, initially repelled American invasions in Canada and imposed an effective blockade on the nation’s shipping. In 1814, the British invaded and captured Washington, D. C. , burned the White House, and forced the government to flee. The United States had a few victories: • including the defense of Baltimore at Fort Mc. Henry, an event that inspired the song that became the national anthem, the “Star-Spangled Banner. ” • The United States decisively vanquished Indian forces in the West and South, killing Tecumseh and many other militants. • Forces led by Andrew Jackson forced Indians to cede much of the southeastern lands that became Alabama and Mississippi, and then famously repulsed British forces at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815. This battle was fought before news reached America that American and British negotiators had signed the Treaty of Ghent which had ended the war the previous month. The treaty changed nothing, giving the United States no territory or rights regarding U. S. ships or impressment. • VIDEO http: //www. history. com/topics/marbury-v-madison/videos

Map 8. 3 The War of 1812. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3

The "Second War of Independence" The War’s Aftermath • At the time, some Americans called the War of 1812 the Second War of Independence. • The war affirmed the ability of the republic to defend itself and wage war without sacrificing its republican institutions. It made Andrew Jackson a national hero. And it sealed the doom of Indians who occupied lands east of the Mississippi River, thus finally securing this vast area for whites, many of whom in the south would bring slaves and slavery with them. The war strengthened Americans’ nationalism and their sense of isolation and separation from Europe.

The "Second War of Independence" The End of the Federalist Party • The war sealed the demise of the Federalist Party, which had been briefly revitalized by widespread opposition to the war in the north. Madison only narrowly won reelection as president in 1812. But an ill-timed convention of New England Federalists at Hartford, Connecticut in December 1814, badly injured the party. Convention delegates criticized the domination of the presidency by Virginians, lamented the diminishing influence of the northeast as new southern and western states joined the union, and called for an end to the three-fifths clause. They demanded two-thirds votes in Congress for declaring war, admitting new states, and laws restricting trade. But Jackson’s electrifying victory at New Orleans made the Federalists seem unpatriotic. • Within a few years the Federalist Party disappeared. The urban and commercial interests the party represented were small in an expanding agrarian nation, and their elitism and distrust of democracy was increasingly out of touch with an increasingly democratic culture. But the Federalists had raised an issue that would not go away in the future—the domination of the national government by the slaveholding south— and the kind of commercial development they championed would soon inaugurate a social and economic transformation of the nation.

Additional Art for Chapter 8

This colorful image from around the time of the War Give Me Liberty!: An

An early American coin, bearing an image of liberty and the word itself Give

Liberty and Washington Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright ©

The Bank of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition

Venerate the Plough Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright ©

Pierre-Charles L’Enfant’s 1791 plan for Washington Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd

Infant Liberty Nursed by Mother Mob Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd

A 1794 painting by the Baltimore artist Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3

A print shop in the early republic. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3

An engraving from The Lady’s Magazine Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd

Mary Wollstonecraft, author of the pioneering work Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3

This sampler was made by Peggy Castleman Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3

Congressional Pugilists Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011

An 1800 campaign banner Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright

The Providential Detection Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright ©

Toussaint L’Ouverture Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011

A watercolor by the artist William Russell Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3

White Hall Plantation Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright ©

A page from William Clark’s journal of the Lewis and Clark expedition Give Me

New Orleans in 1803, at the time of the Louisiana Purchase. Give Me Liberty!:

O-Grab-Me Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.

Benjamin Hawkins Trading with the Creek Indians. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3

The lid of a chest decorated with scenes from the War of 1812. Give

The Taking of the City of Washington. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3

The bombardment of Baltimore’s Fort Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition

Norton Lecture Slides Independent and Employee-Owned This concludes the Norton Lecture Slides Slide Set for Chapter 8 Give Me Liberty! AN AMERICAN HISTORY THIRD EDITION by Eric Foner