Chapter 8 Section 1 The Early Middle Ages

Chapter 8, Section 1 – The Early Middle Ages _______________________________________________________ Chapter 8 Introductory Questions: 1. Europe is surrounded by water (Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean, Baltic, and Black Seas …), and has numerous navigable rivers (Seine, Rhine, Elbe, Danube …) 2. Various Terrain (mountains, coasts, valleys, plains, peninsulas, harbors, islands …), numerous resources (coal, iron, timber, furs, fish …), and different groups of people (Romans/Italians, Germans, Spanish, Franks, Gaul's, Saxons, British …) 3. The Roman Empire was no more, and all of Western Europe was in a state of chaos: invasions, battles/wars, division, plunder. It was THE DARK AGES! 4. The Vikings, who were traders, explorers, and warriors, invaded the mainland by boat (“long ships”) and settled in Scandinavia, England, Northern France (“Normandy”), Ireland, Russia (Kiev), Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland (North America)

The Early Middle Ages The Middle Ages, also known as the Dark Ages, Ages lasted from about 500 AD – 1500 AD. It was a time of war and plunder, hardship and suffering, but also of renewal. Europe was in disarray: Huns & Goths in the East, Vikings in the North, Magyars in Hungary, Muslims in Spain & Sicily …. From the fall of the Roman Empire (476 AD) until about 800 AD, Europe was mostly separated into several Germanic and Roman tribes. * 732 AD: Battle of Tours (France) Christian warriors defeated Muslims

Ø 800 AD – Germanic King named Charlemagne kept invaders out of the Old Roman Empire. Helps put down Rebellion in Rome Crowned Emperor on Christmas day by Pope Leo III *German King + Christian Church = Unity in Europe* “Holy Roman Empire” However, Eastern Roman Empire dislikes this Means division still exists

Ø Charlemagne’s 46 years in power lead to many accomplishments Sets up capital at Aachen (Wishes to establish “Second Rome”) Spreads Christianity Distributed land to nobles Kept accurate records Set up palace school: reading, writing, math, logic, music, religion

The Early Middle Ages After his death in 814, the Treaty of Verdun divided Empire into 3 parts and left Europe open to invasion. The people needed protection, so they turned to a form of government, society, and economy known as Feudalism.

Classwork 2/17/17 Read pages 162 -165 and 192 -193. Complete the “Charlemagne Classwork” activity on Schoology using your textbook and study guide. Read pages 18 and 19 in your Study Guide and answer the questions at the bottom of page 19.

Byzantine Empire Constantinople had a glorious Roman heritage and in time it became known as the BYZANTINE EMPIRE The city had an excellent HARBORS and was guarded on three sides by WATER & WALLS It commanded the key trade routes linking EUROPE & ASIA The empire eventually declined to a small area around the city of CONSTANTINOPLE itself. It was still in existence nearly 1, 000 years after the fall of the WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE It promoted a brilliant civilization that blended ROMAN, GREEK, & CHRISTIAN influences with other traditions of the Mediterranean world.

Age of Justinian – The empire reached its greatest size under the emperor Justinian. Ruled from 527 -565 He was an autocrat-SINGLE, ALL-POWERFUL RULER He also had power over the church, combining both political power and spiritual authority. A Byzantine official once wrote, “The emperor is equal to all men in the nature of his body, but in the authority of his rank he is similar to God, who rules all. ” Was determined to revive the glory of ancient Rome by recovering the western provinces that had been overrun by BARBARIANS He re-conquered NORTHERN AFRICA, ITALY, & SPAIN, in the end these costly victories were temporary His most lasting monument was the church of the HAGIA SOPHIA He is best remembered for his reform of the law. He set up a commission to collect, revise, and organize all the laws of Ancient Rome. The result was the CORPUS JURUS CIRILUS, popularly known as JUSTINIAN’S CODE. Its impact was far reaching because later rulers modeled their laws on its principles. It also preserved and transmitted the heritage of Roman law

Byzantine Christianity Since early Christian times, differences had emerged over church practices. The following chart outlines some of these Roman Catholic Church POPE is the head of the church Use of Icons (religious art) Christmas is highest of holy days Latin is major language used Eastern (Greek) Orthodox PATRIARCH is the head of the church No use of Icons Easter is highest of Holy Days Greek is language used * Although the Byzantine emperor was not a priest, he controlled Church affairs and appointed the PATRIARCH, or highest church official. During the Middle Ages, the two branches drew farther apart. A dispute over the use of ICONS, or holy images contributed to the split. In 1054, other controversies provoked a SCHISM, or permanent split, between the Eastern (Greek) Orthodox and the Roman Catholic churches. Contact between the two churches is still guarded and distant today.

Byzantine Crisis andas. Collapse • As the Byzantine empire was declining ISLAM advanced across • • Asia Minor. In the 1090’s the Byzantine emperor called for western help to fight the Seljuk’s, resulting in the First Crusade Later in 1453 Ottoman forces invaded and conquered Constantinople. They renamed it “Istanbul. ” The Christian city became the capital of the Ottoman empire and the Hagia Sophia was turned into an Islamic house of worship. Istanbul emerged as a great center of Muslim culture Byzantine Heritage • Byzantine influence traveled across Europe. • It built on the culture of the Hellenistic world • It blended Christian beliefs with Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature. • In art MOSAICS brought scenes from the Bible to glowing life while scholars preserved the classic works of ancient Greece. • It also extended Roman achievements in engineering and law. ******* The Byzantine Empire spread the ideas of Rome to

FEUDALISM Read pages 193 -195 and answer questions #4 & 5 on page 195

FEUDALISM A system of government, society, and economics in which local lords governed over their own lands but owed military service and other forms of support to the ruler (king, queen, monarch, etc. …) * Developed because of the need for PROTECTION

VOCABULARY: Manor – Large estate in Medieval Europe Vassal – lesser lord who runs a fief Fief – piece of land granted by a lord Chivalry- required knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word. Knight- young nobles who were trained in riding and fighting. Their duty was to protect the land from invaders like the Vikings and other Barbarians Serf – peasant bound to the land Troubadour – wandering musician/poet

Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

Parts of a Medieval Castle

The Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

Europea n Feudalis m in the Middle Ages T N F EL ICIE S * FF SU

The Medieval Church (p. 195 -200) Using your textbook, complete questions #1, 3, 4, 6, & 7 and the matching on the bottom of the page 1. Religious teachings, clergy, and matters of morals (behavior) 3. Caring for the sick, charity for the poor, education for children, lodging travelers 4. The writings of ancient world were preserved and new scholarly works were written 6. Luxury, monks & nuns ignoring their vows, priests who married and devoted their time to family (instead of the church), and eventually corruption 7. “prejudice” against Judaism …

Medieval Church Spiritual Services • Baptism • Marriage • Anointing of the Sick • Religious Education • Sacraments Political Powers • Cannon Law- Laws of Church that were backed by Catholic court systems • Excommunication (Punishing or banishing a person from the Catholic Faith) • Interdict(Banning an entire town or city from Catholicism) Economic Activities • Tithe- To support itself, the Catholic Church required all Christians to pay a tithe, or tax equal to one-tenth of their income. This tithe was used to help the poor but later become a source of corruption Social Services • Church became a place where peasants could socialize after mass. • Scholastic organizations along with prayer and study groups developed and are still evident today. Educational Work • Monks and Nuns set up schools to educate young people about the religion but also helped in teaching literacy. Missionary Work • Built schools • Built Churches • Took care of the sick • Fed the homeless • Kept records in scriptoriums • Charity work including physical labor • Prayer

Cannon Law The Church had its own body of laws and courts. Cannon law applied to religious teachings, the lives of priests, monks, and nuns, as well as marriage and morals.

Women in the Church Although women were considered equals before God and in the afterlife, on earth they were considered INFERIOR to men by the Catholic Church. Women were presented in two roles Daughters of Eve- Weak and easily led to sin Mary Mother of God- Ideal and Pure in Spirit

Monks and Nuns provided various social services such as Tending to the sick Charity Set up schools Lodging

Monasteries and Convents were centers of learning in which people were taught how to read and Greek and Latin history and culture were studied.

Church’s Power As the Church grew, its attitude towards women changed for the worse. The Church began to restrict women’s rights and nun activity. Women were considered inferior, and could not maintain positions of power in the church.

Church’s Problems Clergy lived in luxury Discipline weakened Monks and nuns started ignoring their vows Married priests devoted more time to their families than they did to the faith.

Anti-Semitism As the church’s power increased, it barred Jews from owning land, practicing most occupations including trades and handicrafts. The Church also blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus.

Agricultural Revolution 4 New farming technologies iron plow windmill harness three-field system Increase in food production Population explosion Between 1000 and 1300, the population of Europe doubled.

*476: Fall of Western Roman Empire

The High Middle Ages: Economic Expansion and Change Read through pages 196 -200 of your Unit 6 Packet. Answer questions #2, 3, 5 on page 200. 2. Revival of trade led people to move to where the trade was happening (existing cities) and to set up new settlements around castles 3. New innovations (like the plow & 3 -field system) made farming more efficient & productive. More Food = More People! 5. Europeans traded across the continent (fur & foods from the North for cloth & Swords from the south) as well as imported goods from the East (silks, sugar, & spices). This also led to the use of money (as opposed to simple barter) and the emergence of trading companies & banking. It was a BIG CHANGE in the way of doing business in Europe.

Independent Classwork: 2/22/17 1. Complete the bottom of page 23 2. Complete page 26 (Chapter 8 Section 4) beginning on page 201. 3. Begin & complete pages 29, 31, and 32.

The High Middle Ages: Economic Expansion and Change 1. Iron Plows 2. Harness for Horses 3. Windmills 4. Clearing and Draining Lands 5. 3 – Field System 6. Population Growth of Towns: 7. Merchant and Craft Guilds Business Changes: 8. Partnerships 9. Insurance 10. Bills of Exchange Social Changes: 11. End of Feudalism 12. Middle Class forms

The High Middle Ages: Economic Expansion and Change Vocabulary and Identifications: Capital – Money for investment Charter – Written Document that set out the rights and privileges of a town Guild – Association of merchants or artisans Usury – lending of money at interest Apprentice – Trainee working to join a guild *The High (or Late) Middle Ages: Period of Social & Economic revival between 1000 and 1300 AD that strengthened Western Europe

Task #1: Create a charter for a new town in medieval Europe. You must first choose a name and location for your town. Then you have to list the rights of the people in the town (i. e. freedoms, privileges, laws). Think about the different groups in the town, (merchants, artisans, peasants) and how the rights might be different for each You must also include information listing what you will give to the King in return for the charter. Task #2: Imagine that a growing medieval town or city has chosen you to attract people to move there. Create an ad that describes the opportunities the town or city provides for various people. You must appeal to different types of people including merchants, artisans, and peasants. Your ad must include both a visual and written component, using vocabulary and terminology from the Middle Ages.

Project: You will research a specific person or group of people from the “Dark Ages” in Europe, and further understand their role in helping Europe rise from the Medieval Period. You will create a Social Media Account for that person or group demonstrating his/her ideas, achievements, and impact on history. The Project must include: 1. An Avatar for that person/group (and/or banner/background pictures) 2. Name/Twitter “handle”/Alias 3. Date of Birth & Hometown 4. Relationship Status 5. Quote or Saying that would be in their profile heading 6. 2 or more “friends” or “follows” that person would have had 7. 10 -15 posts/retweets/pictures/pins/etc. … 8. Bio (4 -8 sentence paragraph summarizing who they were) 9. AT LEAST 3 sources of information (use our database and Easybib. com)